tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-199222762024-03-13T17:35:15.136+00:00Carla Nayland Historical FictionA blog mainly about researching, writing and
reading historical fiction, and anything else
that interests me. You can read my other
articles and novels on my website at <a href="http://www.carlanayland.org/" >www.CarlaNayland.org</a>Carlahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11901028520813891575noreply@blogger.comBlogger546125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19922276.post-44554425520790047412016-12-23T19:34:00.000+00:002016-12-23T19:34:10.859+00:00December recipe: Stollen<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-E6xD4pBhJPw/WF17JZ5LiTI/AAAAAAAABJg/sz5mHa5SMgsL0mcakNM7o2xJ2tPtarHnwCLcB/s1600/Stollen.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="220" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-E6xD4pBhJPw/WF17JZ5LiTI/AAAAAAAABJg/sz5mHa5SMgsL0mcakNM7o2xJ2tPtarHnwCLcB/s400/Stollen.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Stollen</i></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Stollen
is a fruit bread from Germany, traditionally associated with Christmas in the
same sort of way as <a href="http://carlanayland.blogspot.co.uk/2008/12/december-recipe-mince-pies.html" target="_blank">mince pies</a>
are associated with Christmas in Britain. My recipe is based on one given me by
a friend of a friend some years ago, modified in various ways since. I
particularly like the approach of filling the bread with a thin spiral layer of
marzipan like a Swiss roll, rather than the more usual approach of inserting a
cylinder of marzipan like a sausage roll.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>I can’t claim credit for that inspired stroke of genius; someone else
thought of it before the recipe came to me. Whoever they were, I salute them.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">I
wish everyone a Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Apologies
for the long absence of posts here during this year. I hope to be able to post more in the future.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Stollen (makes two)</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3
Tablespoons (3 x 15 ml spoons) warm water</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1
teaspoon (1 x 5 ml spoon) sugar</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1
teaspoon (1 x 5 ml spoon) dried yeast</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">9 oz
(approx 260 g) plain flour*</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1 oz
(approx 25 g) light brown soft sugar</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">4 oz
(approx 100 g) butter</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2
Tablespoons (2 x 15 ml spoons) dark rum, or other spirit of your choice**</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">4 oz
(approx 100 g) sultanas</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3 oz
(approx 80 g) raisins</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2 oz
(approx 50 g) candied mixed peel</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1 egg</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Milk
to mix (see method below for the quantity)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">4 oz
(approx 100 g) marzipan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Icing
sugar to dredge</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Method</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dissolve
the teaspoon of sugar in the warm water.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Sprinkle the dried yeast on top and leave in a warm place for about 15
minutes until frothy.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Rub
the butter into the plain flour and sugar until it resembles breadcrumbs.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Add
the dried fruit, rum and beaten egg.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Stand
the bowl on the scales and set the reading to zero. Add the yeast liquid and
note the weight, then add enough milk to make the weight up to 110 g. If your
mixing bowl won’t stand on your kitchen scales, this is generally about another
60 ml (about 4 Tablespoons) of milk – add it gradually, mixing as you go, and
stop when you have a soft dough like a scone dough.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Mix
well. It should form a soft dough, like a scone dough. If it is too wet, add a
little more flour; if too dry, add a little more milk.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Leave
to rise in a warm place for about 1-1.5 hours***.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Divide
the dough in half. Flour the work surface, and roll out each half into a
rectangle, roughly twice as long as wide. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Divide
the marzipan in half and roll out each half into a rectangle a little smaller
than the rectangles of dough.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Put a
rectangle of marzipan on top of a rectangle of dough, and roll up like a Swiss
roll. Damp the edge with water or milk to seal. Pinch the ends together so the
marzipan is fully enclosed. Repeat with the other rectangle of dough and marzipan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Put
the two stollen rolls on a greased baking tray and brush with milk or beaten
egg.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Leave
to rise again in a warm place for about 45 minutes.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bake
in a hot oven at about 220 C for about 30 minutes until the rolls are golden brown.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Remove
from oven and cool on a wire rack. Dredge with icing sugar</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Serve
warm or cold, cut in thick slices.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">If
there is any left over, it will keep for a couple of days in an airtight tin.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
stollen can be frozen. Freeze before dredging with icing sugar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">* Yes,
plain flour, not bread flour. Stollen should have a texture more like cake than
bread</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">** If
you are organised enough, soak the dried fruit in the rum for a couple of hours
beforehand.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I never remember, so I don’t
know if it makes any difference</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">***
If time is very short, you can cheat by omitting the first rise. It’s better if
you can do the two rises, but not <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">so</i>
much better that you should forego making stollen if there isn’t time for two
rises</span></div>
Carlahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11901028520813891575noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19922276.post-62737187755385780272016-04-30T19:00:00.000+01:002016-04-30T19:00:23.498+01:00Kilpeck Church: the South Door<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The small
parish church of St Mary and St David at Kilpeck, in Herefordshire, is justly famous
for its remarkable Norman carvings.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For
example, the Green Man on the right-hand capital of the south door.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-xucyGL37kHk/VyTxM7QTCFI/AAAAAAAABIs/XsFG_oviCQ8jhu_EVfaiD88t8ONdrNjVACLcB/s1600/Kilpeck-green-man.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="343" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-xucyGL37kHk/VyTxM7QTCFI/AAAAAAAABIs/XsFG_oviCQ8jhu_EVfaiD88t8ONdrNjVACLcB/s400/Kilpeck-green-man.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Green Man, south door of Kilpeck church</span></i></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Kilpeck
is a small village south-west of Hereford (see map link) below.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The name is recorded as Cilpedec in the Book of
Llandaff, meaning ‘the cell of Pedec’.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>‘Cell’
in this context refers to the dwelling of a Christian holy man, presumably the
eponymous Pedec. Nothing further is known of Pedec.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Map
link: <a href="http://streetmap.co.uk/map.srf?X=344431&Y=230547&A=Y&Z=120" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Kilpeck</a> </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
first mention of the church is in the Book of Llandaff, written in the early
twelfth century, which records that the church of Cilpedec in Erciog, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>with all its lands around, was given to the Bishop
of Llandaff in around 640 AD.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Erciog,
also called Erchyng or Archenfield, was an independent early medieval kingdom
located in approximately what is now the southern part of Herefordshire. In Domesday
Book, compiled for William the Conqueror in 1185, the area was still considered
Welsh and subject to Welsh laws, and it remained in a Welsh church diocese
(first Llandaff, later St David’s) until the nineteenth century.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Kilpeck
was given by William the Conqueror to a Norman lord after the Norman Conquest,
and the son of this Norman lord, called Hugh de Kilpeck, built the present
church in about 1140. The exact date is unknown, but it was given to the Abbey
of Gloucester in 1143 and so was presumably built before then. It presumably
replaced whatever earlier building was on the site when it was given to the
Bishop of Llandaff, perhaps a chapel or a hermit’s cell. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">It is
a small church with a chancel, nave and semi-circular apse at the east end.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-uVYUZgqUM94/VyTxcJiXABI/AAAAAAAABIw/YX8AS95xnkg_mW6BagMBc9f6GGT-YbFbgCLcB/s1600/Kilpeck-church.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-uVYUZgqUM94/VyTxcJiXABI/AAAAAAAABIw/YX8AS95xnkg_mW6BagMBc9f6GGT-YbFbgCLcB/s400/Kilpeck-church.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Kilpeck Church from the south west</span></i></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The most
spectacular feature of the church is the magnificently carved south door.</span>
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<br /></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Vt5jlSnIGqQ/VyTxp-YRf0I/AAAAAAAABI0/7PqElz-Vv7Q2Yh7E3czWuotAS9U3KgRugCLcB/s1600/Kilpeck-south-door.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Vt5jlSnIGqQ/VyTxp-YRf0I/AAAAAAAABI0/7PqElz-Vv7Q2Yh7E3czWuotAS9U3KgRugCLcB/s400/Kilpeck-south-door.jpg" width="298" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">South door of Kilpeck Church</span></i></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
two outer columns are carved with twining snakes, each snake biting the next
one’s tail. </span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></i></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-uZYEh-Qwx58/VyTxzPrpfLI/AAAAAAAABI4/5X3tFy8pqVURsQ_pGJkYrKz1RhYjEmLjwCLcB/s1600/Kilpeck-intertwined-snakes.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-uZYEh-Qwx58/VyTxzPrpfLI/AAAAAAAABI4/5X3tFy8pqVURsQ_pGJkYrKz1RhYjEmLjwCLcB/s400/Kilpeck-intertwined-snakes.jpg" width="122" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Snakes on the south door of Kilpeck Church,
right-hand column</span></i></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
guidebook says the snakes might illustrate the defeat of the dragon of evil, or
that they might represent the continuous cycle of life as the snake can be
considered to be ‘reborn’ each year when it sheds its skin.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They remind me of the intertwining serpents in
Norse/Viking jewellery. In the twelfth century the Normans were not that many
generations on from the Norse adventurers led by Hrolf (also called Rolf, or
Rollo) who founded the dukedom of Normandy in 911, and I wonder if they
retained some of the artistic tastes of their ancestors.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
inner column on the left shows two warriors standing one above the other.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They seem to be wearing pointed caps, quilted
jackets, long trousers and soft-looking shoes. </span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-NTn1ClQac-M/VyTyBL2LO9I/AAAAAAAABJA/JSHJkyWwbicp8CLZRakDt8RfyLyZgMYNACLcB/s1600/Kilpeck-warrior.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-NTn1ClQac-M/VyTyBL2LO9I/AAAAAAAABJA/JSHJkyWwbicp8CLZRakDt8RfyLyZgMYNACLcB/s400/Kilpeck-warrior.jpg" width="212" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Warrior on the south door of Kilpeck Church,
left-hand column</span></i></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">This costume
does not look obviously similar to the Normans on the Bayeux Tapestry, with
their mail shirts and helmets with nose guards. It is not known exactly what
the warrior figures represent – perhaps the equipment of the local fighting
men.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
South Door is not the only example of carving at Kilpeck, which also boasts a series
of astonishingly well-preserved corbels. More on the corbels in another post.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">References</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
Parish Church of St Mary and St David at Kilpeck, 2000. Guidebook available at
the church.</span></div>
Carlahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11901028520813891575noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19922276.post-51234965666330393072016-03-31T10:14:00.000+01:002016-03-31T10:14:33.317+01:00Over the Wine-Dark Sea, by H. N. Turteltaub. Book review<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Tom
Doherty Associates, 2001. ISBN 0-312-87660-2. 381 pages.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Over the Wine-Dark Sea</span></i><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> is set in the
Eastern Mediterranean in spring to autumn of 310 BC. According to the
Historical Notes, one of the two central characters, Menedemos, is a historical
figure, as is Antandros of Syracuse who makes a brief appearance. All the other
characters who appear in the novel are fictional.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">In
spring 310 BC, Menedemos and his cousin Sostratos, two young merchants from
Rhodes, are eager to put to sea for their summer trading trip to Great Hellas,
the Greek colonies and city-states of Sicily and mainland Italy. Their ship,
the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Aphrodite</i>, jointly owned by their
fathers, is a merchant galley with forty rowers as well as a sail for
propulsion. Unlike the broad sail-only trading ships, the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Aphrodite</i> does not need to wait for a favourable wind; the rowers
can take her wherever her captain wants to go. But this also means she is
expensive to run, as the crew have to be paid wages, and her cargo space is
limited. So the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Aphrodite</i> carries
luxury goods, perfume, silk, fine wine, dye, papyrus, ink – and peafowl, exotic
birds from India that have never before been seen in Great Hellas. Menedemos
and Sostratos will need their wits and a shrewd eye for a deal to cover their
costs and bring back a profit. But as well as business risks and the
ever-present danger of pirates and bad weather, several wars are raging along
the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Aphrodite</i>’s intended route:
between Syracuse and Carthage; between an obscure Italian tribe called the
Romans and their neighbours to the south; and between the various generals who
inherited parts of the empire of Alexander the Great after his death a decade
ago and are now fighting each other in Egypt, mainland Greece, Asia Minor and
the seas in between. One miscalculation could see Menedemos, Sostratos and all
their crew dead or for sale in a slave market – and on top of this, there is
Menedemos’ liking for other men’s wives...</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Over the Wine-Dark Sea</span></i><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> is a highly entertaining
travelogue of the varied cultures and geography of the Eastern Mediterranean in
antiquity. It doesn’t really have a plot as such – Menedemos and Sostratos
travel from one island or port to the next, buy things, sell things, get into
and (hopefully) out of trouble, and hope to return home safely and profitably.
That isn’t necessarily a bad thing (after all, the same sort of comment could
be made about <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Odyssey</i>). Their
journey is colourful and varied enough, and the cousins’ contrasting characters
amusing enough, to make <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Over the
Wine-Dark Sea</i> great fun to read. The cousins’ bickering is often witty, and
there are a few knowing jokes, like the various Hellenes who solemnly opine
that the obscure barbarian tribe called the Romans will never amount to
anything much. The difficulties of managing a peacock, five peahens (and in due
course a multitude of chicks) in the cramped confines of the ship form a
running joke for most of the book.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Over the Wine-Dark Sea</span></i><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> is also immensely
informative about the ancient world. Each of the ports, harbours and towns is
described, often with snippets of its history and layout. Different types of
ships are described and named, along with their development over time and the
various uses for the different types. Hellenic social conventions and customs
are described and shown in detail; haggling over a business deal; the correct
format for a symposion (a drinking party for wealthy men, a sort of cross
between a dinner party and a stag do); the names of different courses in a
meal; conventions about which hand to eat with and how many fingers to use for
different types of food; sports activities at the gymnasion. All of these are
restricted to men, of course. The confined life imposed on women is
acknowledged (and Sostratos is sensitive enough to feel just a little bit
uncomfortable about it occasionally), but women don’t get much of a role except
as possessions for men to squabble over. </span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Both
Menedemos and Sostratos are familiar with Homer and like to relate the places they
see to the poetry – could the whirlpool they see in the Straits of Messina be
the original Charybdis, could this or that island be where Odysseus encountered
the Sirens or the Cyclops? Sostratos also has aspirations to be a historian and
likes to collect obscure facts, such as two different theories about how the town
of Rhegion got its name, or the correct way to wear a toga. All this
information has an undeniable tendency to slow down the plot, and I can imagine
that some readers might find it annoying, although I quite liked these obscure
excursions. For readers who want to imagine what it might have been like to
trade luxury goods around the Aegean and Italy in the ancient world, what items
came from where, and how money and coinage worked, there is much to enjoy. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
book is written throughout in straightforward modern English (with American
spellings). Some of the different cultures are given different accents or
dialects to distinguish them from one another; one region of Greece drops ‘H’s,
Macedonia has an archaic dialect, and a slave girl kidnapped from Cisalpine
Gaul in the distant north of Italy is given an Irish accent and turn of phrase
to emphasise her foreignness.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">A
brief Historical Note outlines the historical events that form the background
to Menedemos’ and Sostratos’ journey, and there is a very useful note at the
front about weights, measures and units of money. This is well worth
bookmarking, as the characters refer to these units constantly and it is very
useful to be able to flip back quickly to see whether a minai is a small
fortune or small change. An excellent map at the front is very useful for
following the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Aphrodite</i>’s journey.</span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Colourful
and entertaining account of the episodic adventures of two young traders
shipping luxury goods around the Eastern Mediterranean in 310 BC.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
Carlahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11901028520813891575noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19922276.post-45000676097392584372016-02-26T22:04:00.000+00:002016-02-28T11:56:04.575+00:00The battle of Catraeth: other evidence and interpretation<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
heroic poem Y Gododdin is one of the longest and most famous texts in medieval
Welsh. It was written down in the kingdom of Gwynedd in North Wales in a
thirteenth-century manuscript, but the spellings in one of the two versions
suggest that it may be several centuries older. It consists mainly of a series
of elegies for warriors who feasted at the court of Din Eidyn (modern
Edinburgh) before setting out to fight at a place called Catraeth where many,
perhaps most, of them were killed. Where might Catraeth have been?</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Evidence</span></b></div>
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<![endif]--><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The evidence from the poem Y Gododdin was described in the previous <a href="http://carlanayland.blogspot.co.uk/2016/01/the-battle-of-catraeth-y-gododdin.html" target="_blank">post</a>. </span><br />
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<i><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Canu Taliesin</span></b></i></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">A
place called ‘Catraeth’ is also mentioned in the Canu Taliesin poetry praising
Urien, king of Rheged. For more information about Urien, see my earlier post '<a href="http://carlanayland.blogspot.co.uk/2013/05/urien-rheged.html" target="_blank">Urien Rheged</a>'.
</span></div>
<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The men of Catraeth arose with the dawn, </span></div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
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About the Guledig, of work a profitable merchant.</div>
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This Urien, without mockery is his regret.<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
</span></blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></blockquote>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">--The
Battle of Gwen Ystrat, <a href="http://www.maryjones.us/ctexts/t31.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">translation available online</a> </span></div>
<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">I saw the ruler of Cathraeth beyond the plains</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
</span></blockquote>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> --The
Spoils of Taliesin, <a href="http://www.maryjones.us/ctexts/t37.html" target="_blank">translation available online</a> </span></div>
<br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
</span><br />
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">In
the ‘Battle of Gwen Ystrat’, Urien is described as ‘Guledig’, meaning something
like leader or overlord.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The men of
Catraeth appear to be under his command, although the poem does not say that
the battle in question (‘Gwen Ystrat’, which translates as something like
‘white valley’ or ‘fair valley’) was being fought at Catraeth. In ‘The Spoils
of Taliesin’, Urien is clearly described as the ruler of Catraeth. Although
Taliesin refers to Urien’s domain as ‘Rheged’, the location of Rheged itself
has not been identified more precisely than somewhere in what is now northern
England and/or southern Scotland. For more information on the possible location
of Rheged see my earlier posts <a href="http://carlanayland.blogspot.co.uk/2013/07/rheged-location.html" target="_blank">here</a>
and <a href="http://carlanayland.blogspot.co.uk/2013/08/location-of-rheged-poetry.html" target="_blank">here</a>.
I like the idea that Rheged was located around Carlisle, the Lake District and
the Solway, but other interpretations are equally possible.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<i><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Place names</span></b></i></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">There
is no modern place with a name that can be definitively and uniquely identified
as Catraeth. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
most common suggestion for the location of ‘Catraeth’ is modern Catterick,
located at the eastern end of the strategic Roman road that crosses the
Pennines through the Stainmore Pass or Stainmore Gap (the modern A66 road
follows much the same route as its Roman predecessor). Bede, writing in the
eighth century, refers to it as ‘Cetreht’. The Roman name of the settlement at the
site of modern Catterick Bridge was Cataractonium. The English Place-Name
Society website suggests that it originally derived from a Brittonic name
‘Caturatis’ meaning ‘fortification’, which was (mis)interpreted by the Romans
as the Latin ‘Cataracta’, meaning ‘waterfall’. (Misunderstanding place names on
the grounds that they sound like a word you recognise evidently has a long
history). </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Tim
Clarkson argues that although ‘Catraeth’ <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">could</i>
be an earlier form of the modern name ‘Catterick’, this is not the same thing
as proving that they refer to the same place (Clarkson 2010, p. 106). There may
have been many other places with now-lost names that could have given rise to
‘Catraeth’, and the poem may refer to one of these.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Another
possibility occurs to me, and that is that the name ‘Catraeth’ looks as though
it might be composed of the elements ‘Cat’, meaning ‘battle’, and ‘Traeth’,
meaning ‘strand’ or ‘shore’. I don’t know enough about etymology to know
whether this could be a real possibility. If it is, then the ‘Catraeth’ of the
poem might not be a place name at all, but a description of the event
commemorated – ‘the battle on the shore’. In which case, trying to identify it
from modern or recorded place names might be impossible. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Interpretation</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
battle of Catraeth was fought between warriors from Edinburgh and enemies
identified variously as ‘Deiran’, ‘Saxons’ or ‘Lloegr’s mixed hosts’ in the
more archaic ‘B’ version of Y Gododdin. The ‘A’ version adds two mentions of Bernicia, one of
which seems to bracket Bernicia alongside the Gododdin rather than as enemies (see previous post '<a href="http://carlanayland.blogspot.co.uk/2016/01/the-battle-of-catraeth-y-gododdin.html" target="_blank">Catraeth: Y Gododdin</a>').</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
terms referring to Saxons or Lloegr are not geographically precise enough to be much help in identifying the location of the battle, as they could refer
to groups of people in Britain anywhere from Northumbria to Wessex. The term ‘Deira’ is
much more geographically precise, as Deira is quite securely located somewhere
in the region of modern Yorkshire. For this reason, I would focus on ‘Deira’ as
the most useful clue to the enemy, which in turn gives a possible clue to the
location. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Catterick
Bridge is in modern North Yorkshire, and therefore either within or close to
the territory of sixth-century Deira (as usual, the exact boundaries of Deira
are not known). It is therefore a plausible location for a battle in which
Deira was one of the sides (although I agree with Tim Clarkson that it is not
proven). </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Furthermore,
Catterick Bridge is on a major north-south Roman road (Dere Street), at a river
crossing (the Swale), and close to the junction with the major east-west Roman
road across Stainmore Pass. River crossings are common battle sites, and the
Roman road network would have been obvious routes for moving armies across country.
Catterick is approximately 150-170 miles from Edinburgh, depending whether you
take the shorter route over the Cheviot hills or the longer route via the
coast. Although this is a long way, it is within the known campaigning range of
early medieval armies (see earlier post on <a href="http://www.carlanayland.org/essays/early_medieval_army_distances.htm" target="_blank">campaigning ranges</a>).
Given that armies from Northumbria are known to have fought near Chester and in
Pictland, and that an army from Gwynedd and the West Midlands invaded and
occupied Northumbria, it does not seem at all unreasonable that an army from
Edinburgh could have fought at Catterick Bridge. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">To
get from Edinburgh to Catterick Bridge, the warriors in the poem would have had
to cross or skirt the territory of Bernicia, which in the late sixth century
was ruled by the aggressive and militarily successful king Aethelferth.
Bernicia was probably Gododdin’s closest territory ruled by an English king.
However, Catwallaun of Gwynedd had no problem crossing the territory of English
Mercia when he invaded Northumbria in 633, and indeed the English king of
Mercia was his ally in the campaign. I see no reason why the Gododdin could not
have had a similar arrangement with Bernicia as Catwallaun had with Mercia a few
decades later. Bernicia could have been an active ally of Gododdin during the
campaign, as Mercia was to Gwynedd, which would be consistent with the
reference to ‘the army of Gododdin and Bernicia’ in stanza A-47. Or it may have
played a more passive role, simply allowing the Gododdin warriors to pass
unhindered. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
reference in Canu Taliesin to Urien as ‘ruler of Catraeth’ is more problematic
for the Catterick Bridge location. Although Rheged’s location is uncertain, the
likely areas are on the western coast of Britain roughly from Strathclyde to
Lancashire. Catterick Bridge is distinctly on the eastern side. I don’t think
any likely location for Rheged can easily be made to include Catterick Bridge.
My best suggestion is that if Urien was a ruler of Catterick Bridge it would be
in the sense of being some sort of overlord. This might reflect anything from
outright military conquest, through some kind of tribute-paying client
relationship (with varying degrees of asymmetry and coercion), to an amicable alliance
by blood or marriage. The location of Catterick Bridge near the junction
between Dere Street and the main trans-Pennine Roman road over Stainmore gives
it obvious strategic importance. The ruler of a kingdom based around the
western end of the Stainmore Pass road may well have wanted to control the
other end of the pass as well. Historia Brittonum makes it clear that Urien was
a powerful military leader, so outright conquest may be possible. Or, if there
was a post-Roman Brittonic kingdom based around York (see my earlier series of
articles on <a href="http://carlanayland.blogspot.co.uk/2012/11/post-roman-york-summary.html" target="_blank">post-Roman York</a>),
Catterick Bridge may well have been part of its territory. Catterick Bridge is
in the Vale of Mowbray, and only about 40 miles from York along the main
north-south Roman road of Dere Street. Urien shares a (claimed) descent from
Coel Hen with Peredur, tenuously associated with York (see post on <a href="http://carlanayland.blogspot.co.uk/2009/12/peredur.html" target="_blank">Peredur</a>),
and it may be possible that Urien had some sort of claim to authority in the
York area, including Catterick, based on this shared descent. Or, more
prosaically, Taliesin may just have been flattering his patron by giving him an
additional title. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">If
this mention of Urien as ‘ruler of Catraeth’ means that Catraeth was in the
territory of Urien’s kingdom of Rheged, then either Rheged was in Yorkshire
rather than in the west (which seems most unlikely to me, see the post on
<a href="http://carlanayland.blogspot.co.uk/2013/07/rheged-location.html" target="_blank">Rheged</a>),
or ‘Catraeth’ was not at Catterick Bridge. Tim Clarkson argues a case for
locating ‘Catraeth’ somewhere much further north, perhaps in the valley of the River Tweed or
in Lothian (Clarkson 2010, p. 108-9), and this is certainly a possibility. It is a
long way from the territory of the Deiran enemies identified in the poem (just
as Catterick Bridge is a long way from the territory of the Gododdin warband),
but there is no obvious reason why the Deirans should not have been just as capable
of long-distance campaigning as the Gododdin. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">For
my part, I prefer the traditional location of ‘Catraeth’ at Catterick Bridge. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The main reasons for this are:</span></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">it has a name that could be derived from Catraeth;</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">it seems a likely sort of site for a battle, since
it is on an important Roman road and at a river crossing;</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">it is in or close to the known location of Deira,
and therefore a plausible location for a battle in which Deira was one of
the sides;</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">although it is a long way from Edinburgh, early
medieval armies are recorded by Bede as campaigning over similarly long
distances, and I don’t think there is any obvious reason why the army of
Gododdin should have been any less capable than its approximate
contemporaries in Gwynedd or Northumbria.</span></li>
</ul>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">I
think the main difficulty with locating ‘Catraeth’ at Catterick Bridge is
Taliesin’s line describing Urien as ‘ruler of Catraeth’. I’ve suggested above
that this could be explained by some sort of overlordship over an area outside
his core territory, but I will readily admit that this involves a certain
amount of hand-waving. However, most explanations are likely to, given the
shortage of evidence. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">So I
chose to place ‘Catraeth’ at Catterick Bridge in <a href="http://www.carlanayland.org/exile/index.htm" target="_blank"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Paths of Exile</i></a>.</span> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span>I don’t claim that this is a proven location;
however, I think it is reasonably plausible. Other explanations are possible.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">References</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Clarkson
T. The Men of the North. Birlinn, 2010. ISBN 978-1-906566-18-0 </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Canu Taliesin, </span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
Battle of Gwen Ystrat, <a href="http://www.maryjones.us/ctexts/t31.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">translation available online</a></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Canu Taliesin, T</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">he
Spoils of Taliesin, <a href="http://www.maryjones.us/ctexts/t37.html" target="_blank">translation available online</a></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">English
Place-Name Society website, <a href="http://kepn.nottingham.ac.uk/map/place/Yorkshire%20NR/Catterick" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Catterick</a> </span></div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Map links</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><a href="http://www.carlanayland.org/exile/map_britain.htm" target="_blank">General map showing the approximate locations of Gododdin, Bernicia and Deira</a>
</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><a href="http://streetmap.co.uk/map.srf?X=422265&Y=498910&A=Y&Z=120" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Catterick Bridge (Cataractonium)</a> <a href="http://streetmap.co.uk/map.srf?X=422265&Y=498910&A=Y&Z=120"></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><a href="http://streetmap.co.uk/map.srf?X=319285&Y=6767"></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
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</span>Carlahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11901028520813891575noreply@blogger.com7tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19922276.post-75742730363289841212016-01-31T18:30:00.000+00:002016-01-31T18:39:24.203+00:00The battle of Catraeth: Y Gododdin<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
heroic poem <i>Y Gododdin </i>is one of the longest and most famous texts in medieval
Welsh. It was written down in the kingdom of Gwynedd in North Wales in a
thirteenth-century manuscript, but the spellings in one of the two versions
suggest that it may be several centuries older. It consists mainly of a series
of elegies for warriors who feasted at the court of Din Eidyn (modern
Edinburgh) before setting out to fight at a place called Catraeth where many,
perhaps most, of them were killed. Where might Catraeth have been?</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Evidence</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
battle of Catraeth is not mentioned in the Annales Cambriae, Historia Brittonum
or the Irish Annals of Ulster, Tigernach or Innisfallen, at least not in any
form that I can recognise. The only sources for it are poems written down in
medieval Wales. Of these, by far the most important is <i>Y Gododdin</i>, written down
in a thirteenth-century manuscript known as the Book of Aneirin.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<i><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Y Gododdin</span></b></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><i>Y
Gododdin</i> survives only in the Book of Aneirin. The text was written by two
scribes, conventionally designated A and B. The A scribe wrote using the
language conventions of Middle Welsh (12th to 14th century, contemporary with
the manuscript), whereas the B scribe wrote using Old Welsh (9th to early 12th
century). The first part of the B scribe’s text (designated B1) has some Middle
Welsh features, while the second part (designated B2) has more Old Welsh
features. This may indicate that the B scribe was working from two separate
sources written in different forms of the language, or that the B scribe
started out by partially modernising an Old Welsh source and then stopped doing
this and reverted to copying out the original. The stanza numbering scheme in
this post is the one used by Koch (1997). </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><i>Y
Gododdin</i> is not a narrative describing a particular battle. It is (mostly*) a
collection of heroic death songs in praise of fallen warriors. So I should
start straight away with the caveat that the various heroes may not all have
met their ends in the same battle, and the poem may not refer to a single
event. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">However,
there are multiple references in the poem to a battle fought at a place called
‘Catraeth’. ‘Catraeth’ occurs 23 times in <i>Y Gododdin</i>, 18 times in the ‘A’
version and 5 times in the more archaic ‘B’ version (Koch 1997, p. xiii,
footnote 2). So it seems reasonable to assume that this was considered a
conflict of some importance.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Participants
</span></i></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
‘Gododdin’ of the poem’s title refers to the area that is now south-east
Scotland, which in Roman times was occupied by a tribe called by the Romans
‘Votadini’. ‘Gododdin’ is derived directly from ‘Votadini’, so (for once) there
seems little doubt of its identity. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The poem
refers to a hill-fort or stronghold called Eidyn as the base of the warriors.
For example, in the B text:</span></div>
<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Eidyn’s
hill-fort (B2-34)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">When
the noblemen came from Din Eidyn’s meadow (B1-19)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">fighting
for the groves and mead of Eidyn (B1-21)</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">--Koch
1997</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">‘Din Eidyn’
is modern Edinburgh, simply with the ‘din’ element replaced by its Old English
equivalent ‘burgh’ (both meaning ‘fortification’) and the word order changed
round from the Brittonic to the English convention. The most obvious candidates
for Din Eidyn are either the Castle Rock (site of the current Edinburgh Castle)
or the Iron Age hill fort on Arthur’s Seat. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Another
possibility might be one of the Roman fortifications in the area, such as
Cramond fort, by analogy with the post-Roman occupation of <a href="http://carlanayland.blogspot.co.uk/2010/02/birdoswald-roman-fort-post-roman.html" target="_blank">Birdoswald fort</a>
further south.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Some
of the heroes commemorated in the poem came from areas further afield. For
example, stanza B2-27 refers to a warrior from ‘over the Firth of Forth’, and
stanzas B2-39 and B2-42 refer to men from Aeron (possibly the area of modern
Ayrshire in south-west Scotland) (Koch 1997).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
enemy is less clearly identified. The B text refers to Deira or Deirans,
Saxons, heathen tribes of Scots and Picts, and Lloegr’s mixed hosts:</span></div>
<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">to
attack Deira’s retinue (B2-28)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">the
driver of the Deirans (B1-14)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">driver
of the Deirans (B1-16)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">a
Saxon dirk (B2-25)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">they
gave no mercy to the Saxons (B1-7)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">heathen
tribes of Scots and Picts (B1-5)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">in
contention with Lloegr’s mixed hosts (B1-19)</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">--Koch
1997</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The A
text also adds two references to Bernicia (although not necessarily as
opponents), and one to the descendants of Godebawg:</span></div>
<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">against
the descendants of Godebawg (A-15)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">there
fell men of Deira and Bernicia (A-5)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">the
army of Gododdin and Bernicia (A-47)</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">--Koch
1997</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">‘Godebawg’
is associated with Coel Hen in the Triads and Harleian genealogies, and means
‘Protector’. Coel Hen is the founder figure of several Brittonic genealogies
associated with early medieval kingdoms in what is now northern
England/southern Scotland (see post on <a href="http://carlanayland.blogspot.co.uk/2013/02/coel-hen.html" target="_blank">Coel Hen</a> for more information).
‘The descendants of Godebawg’ could therefore make sense as a term for one or
more of these kingdoms. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Deira
was located in the approximate area of modern Yorkshire, and Bernicia was
located further north in the approximate area of modern Northumberland. Both
were ruled by English kings in the late sixth century. The term ‘Lloegr’ is
used to refer to lowland Britain and/or the areas that later became England. So
the term ‘Saxons’ and ‘Lloegr’ in Y Gododdin could refer to either or both of
Deira and Bernicia, or to one
or more of the other English kingdoms of the time.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The reference
to ‘heathen tribes of Scots and Picts’ is difficult to make much sense of,
unless it refers to the hero’s earlier career.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
two references to Bernicia are also somewhat puzzling. John Koch considers that
the line referring to Bernicia in stanza A-5 may be extraneous, because it
contains no internal rhyme or alliteration (Koch 1997, p. 181). The reference
to Bernicia in stanza A-47 seems to me to bracket Gododdin and Bernicia
together as allies, rather than as enemies, although this may depend on the
translation. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dating</span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
first stanza of the A text begins, ‘This is The Gododdin. Aneirin sang it’. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Historia
Brittonum mentions a major bard called Aneirin or Neirin:</span></div>
<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Neirin, and Taliesin and Bluchbard, and Cian, who is called Guenith
Guaut, were all famous at the same time in British poetry.<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
</blockquote>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">--Historia
Brittonum chapter 62, <a href="http://legacy.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/nennius-full.asp" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">available online</a> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Taliesin
wrote poetry praising Urien, who was a king of Rheged somewhere in what is now
northern England or southern Scotland in the late sixth century (see post on
<a href="http://carlanayland.blogspot.co.uk/2013/05/urien-rheged.html" target="_blank">Urien</a> for more
information). This list of famous Brittonic poets also follows immediately
after Historia Brittonum describes the reign of Ida of Bernicia, whose 12-year
reign is said by Bede to have begun in 547. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">One
of the heroes named in Y Gododdin is Cynan son of Clyddno. The same name
appears in the Welsh Triads as one of the Three Lovers of the Island of
Britain. The lady of his affections is named as Morfudd daughter of Urien,
which would place him in the late sixth century or around the turn of the
sixth/seventh centuries.</span></div>
<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif";">Cynon son
of Clydno (for Morfudd daughter of Urien);</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif";">-- Triads, <a href="http://www.mythiccrossroads.com/triads.htm" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">available online</a> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">I
need hardly say that this is very slender dating evidence. However, at least
all of these are consistent with a date in approximately the late sixth century
for the events in the poem. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">More
on the other evidence, and my interpretation, to follow in the next post.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><a href="http://www.streetmap.co.uk/map.srf?X=325900&Y=673991&A=Y&Z=130" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Edinburgh</a> </span></div>
<br />Carlahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11901028520813891575noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19922276.post-72331189926775446092015-12-24T10:31:00.000+00:002015-12-24T10:31:22.608+00:00December recipe: Chocolate macaroons<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-M7UbKki8CLQ/VnvImLDETSI/AAAAAAAABIc/ALm04F0Qbtg/s1600/chocolate-macaroons.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="256" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-M7UbKki8CLQ/VnvImLDETSI/AAAAAAAABIc/ALm04F0Qbtg/s400/chocolate-macaroons.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>Chocolate macaroons</i></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
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<br />
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">If
you like chocolate, this recipe is for you.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>These chocolate macaroons are light, surprisingly simple to make, and
delicious enough for any festive occasion. When you’ve eaten enough <a href="http://carlanayland.blogspot.co.uk/2012/12/december-recipe-fruit-cake.html" target="_blank">fruit cake</a>, <a href="http://carlanayland.blogspot.co.uk/2010/12/december-recipe-christmas-meringue.html" target="_blank">mincemeat meringue</a>
and <a href="http://carlanayland.blogspot.co.uk/2008/12/december-recipe-mince-pies.html" target="_blank">mince pies</a>
for one Christmas, try these for a change.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">You
can use the egg yolks in <a href="http://carlanayland.blogspot.co.uk/2008/12/december-recipe-mince-pies.html" target="_blank">sweet pastry</a>,
or substitute two egg yolks for one of the eggs in <a href="http://carlanayland.blogspot.co.uk/2008/05/may-recipe-custard-tart.html" target="_blank">custard tart</a>
for a richer custard.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Chocolate macaroons</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">For the macaroons</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2.5
oz (approx 60 g) ground almonds</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">4.5
oz (approx 125 g) icing sugar</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">0.5
oz (approx 12 g) cocoa</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">0.5
oz (approx 12 g) granulated sugar</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2 egg
whites</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">For the ganache filling</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2 oz
(approx 50 g) plain chocolate</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2
Tablespoons (2 x 15 ml spoons) double cream</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">0.5
oz (approx 12 g) unsalted butter</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">To make the macaroons</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sieve
the icing sugar, ground almonds and cocoa together.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Whisk
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Fold
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Line
a baking tray with baking parchment. (Yes, you really do have to do this. If
you just grease the tray the macaroons will stick).</span></div>
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(or pipe, if you have a piping bag) the mixture onto the baking parchment in
discs about 2 inches (about 5 cm) in diameter, well separated.</span></div>
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dry on top.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">To make the ganache filling</span></b></div>
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water. </span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
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from the heat.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">When
the ganache has cooled but is still soft enough to spread, sandwich the
chocolate macaroons together in pairs.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">This
quantity makes about 16 macaroons (8 pairs).</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Before
you sandwich them with the ganache, the macaroons will keep for several days in
an airtight tin. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">After
you’ve sandwiched them together with the ganache, they will keep for a day or
two. Not that they are likely to get the chance.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Happy
Christmas and all the best for the New Year.</span></div>
<br />
<br />Carlahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11901028520813891575noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19922276.post-19259464435969736672015-10-30T13:41:00.000+00:002015-10-30T13:41:23.323+00:00Better Than Gold, by Theresa Tomlinson. Book review<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">A
& C Black 2014. ISBN 978-1-4729-0782-0. 124 pages.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Better Than Gold</span></i><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> is set around 655
AD in Northumbria (in what is now north-east England) and Mercia (in what is
now the Midlands). The main character, Egfrid, is a historical figure, and his
time as a hostage at the royal court of Mercia is a historical event, although
the details are not known. Other historical figures who feature as important
characters in the novel include King Penda and Queen Cynewise of Mercia and
their children, Egfrid’s father King Oswy of Bernicia and his queen Eanflaeda,
Egfrid’s cousin Ethelwold and the Christian monk Chad (later St Chad, if I have
identified him correctly). </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Egfrid,
son of the King of Bernicia, is aged ten when he is taken hostage by Penda,
King of Mercia, in a raid. Mercia and Bernicia are bitter enemies; Penda has
previously slaughtered Egfrid’s paternal uncle and his maternal grandfather and
uncle. Egfrid’s father Oswy has so far escaped a similar fate by avoiding
battle, which leads Penda to despise him as a coward. Unlike the Christian kings
of Bernicia, Penda is a pagan and his religion practices human sacrifice, so
when Egfrid is captured he fears the worst. But his courage and loyalty to his
nursemaid and tutor, both captured with him, earns him Penda’s respect. He
finds himself treated with honour and even kindness, particularly by Penda’s
queen Cynewise, who is working to weave a peace treaty between the kingdoms.
But when the old feud breaks out into war once more, Egfrid is faced with a
dilemma – whose side should he be on?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">I enjoyed
Theresa Tomlinson’s mystery novels, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Wolf
Girl</i> for young adult readers (review <a href="http://www.carlanayland.org/reviews/wolf_girl.htm" target="_blank">here</a>)
and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">A Swarming of Bees</i> for adults
(review <a href="http://www.carlanayland.org/reviews/swarming_bees.htm" target="_blank">here</a>), both set
in the Northumbrian royal abbey at Whitby in the seventh century, and her novel
about Acha of Deira set in the late sixth century, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Tribute Bride</i> (review <a href="http://www.carlanayland.org/reviews/tribute_bride.htm" target="_blank">here</a>).
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Better Than Gold</i> is a children’s book
set a few years earlier than <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Wolf Girl</i>
or <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">A Swarming of Bees</i>. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Part
of the inspiration for <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Better Than Gold</i>
was the discovery of the Staffordshire Hoard near Hammerwich in the territory
of the old kingdom of Mercia in 2009. This is the largest collection of early
English (Anglo-Saxon) precious metalwork ever found, and consists almost
entirely of gold and silver objects associated with military equipment, for
example the decorative fittings from sword hilts and fragments of at least one
helmet. For details of the Staffordshire Hoard, see the <a href="http://www.staffordshirehoard.org.uk/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">official website</a>.
This overwhelming focus on martial items is extremely unusual, as most
Anglo-Saxon precious metalwork consists of dress fittings such as strap-ends,
buckles and brooches, or luxury tableware such as plates or cups, and
immediately suggests that there ought to be a dramatic story behind the
Staffordshire Hoard. How might it have been assembled, who owned it, what did
it signify, why are the items almost all military, who might have buried it,
and why might it have been buried and never recovered?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(For a discussion, see my <a href="http://carlanayland.blogspot.co.uk/2009/09/staffordshire-hoard.html" target="_blank">blog post at the time and the associated comments thread</a>).
We will probably never know the answers for sure. In <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Better Than Gold</i>, Theresa Tomlinson has drawn on an episode
recorded in Bede’s History and the rather enigmatic Restoration of Iudeu
mentioned in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Historia Brittonum</i> to
imagine a scenario that might lie behind the hoard.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Better Than Gold</span></i><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> also imagines how
life might have been for a ten-year-old noble boy in the society that produced
the Staffordshire Hoard. What would a boy at a royal court eat and wear, what
would he be expected to learn, how would he spend his time? This focus on the
details of daily life was one of the features I liked about <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Tribute Bride</i> and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">A Swarming of Bees</i>, and it was pleasant
to see it again here.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Better Than Gold</span></i><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> has the same
gentle tone as <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Tribute Bride</i> and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">A Swarming of Bees</i>. Most of the people,
most of the time, treat each other decently. There is violence – human
sacrifice and battles with many casualties – but because of Egfrid’s age he is
rarely directly involved and most of the violence happens in the background.
Like the author’s other books, the women are very much to the fore. Queen
Cynewise has much authority at the Mercian court, ruling the kingdom while
Penda is away on campaign and exercising considerable influence when he is
back. Their rule of Mercia seems to be very much a joint enterprise. Like Acha
in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Tribute Bride</i>, the royal women
in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Better Than Gold</i> play a crucial
role as peaceweavers, both by formal marriage alliance and in the day-to-day
management of court life, ever alert to the need to head off situations where
drink and ego threaten to spark conflict and even war.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Better Than Gold</span></i><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> is a much simpler
and shorter story than the young adult mystery <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Wolf Girl</i>. I’d estimate its length at around 20,000–25,000 words,
roughly a quarter of the length of a ‘standard’ adult novel. I would guess it
is aimed at a younger audience, perhaps about the same age as the ten-year-old
protagonist. The complex political rivalries and feuds between the various
kingdoms are seen mainly in family terms – appropriately, since the conventions
of blood-feud and vengeance for a kinsman meant that early English warfare
could have a personal as well as a political dimension. It’s clearly written in
straightforward modern English, with some archaic terms to add a period
flavour, such as the Old English names for the months (Blood-month,
Offerings-month, etc. More information on the Old English calendar and the
month-names can be found in my article <a href="http://www.carlanayland.org/essays/old_english-calendar.htm" target="_blank">here</a><a href="http://www.carlanayland.org/essays/old_english-calendar.htm"></a>).
I was pleased to see that the original Old English personal names have been
kept, e.g. Egfrid, Cynewise. Some names have been replaced by nicknames to
avoid potential confusion between similar names within a family, e.g. Egfrid’s
dead uncle Oswald is referred to by his (historically documented) nickname of
Whiteblade to avoid confusion with his brother Oswy. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">A
short Author’s Note at the end briefly outlines some of the underlying history and
provides a link to learn more about the Staffordshire Hoard. Unfortunately
there’s no map on which a reader could follow Egfrid’s travels, although as
most of the place names are given in their modern forms (Bamburgh rather than
Bebbanburgh, Tamworth rather than Tameworthig) they could be identified on a
modern map.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Charming
tale about life at the royal courts of seventh-century England and the sort of
events that might lie behind the burial of the magnificent Staffordshire Hoard.</span></div>
Carlahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11901028520813891575noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19922276.post-55123819046354643542015-09-26T15:54:00.000+01:002015-09-26T15:57:54.049+01:00Llanthony Priory<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Llanthony
Priory is a ruined twelfth-century priory in the Black Mountains of south-east
Wales. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-UPb2EoOc3DY/VgatGsUw9sI/AAAAAAAABHU/Ahdz-nFSUn0/s1600/llanthony-tower.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Llanthony Priory tower and nave" border="0" height="371" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-UPb2EoOc3DY/VgatGsUw9sI/AAAAAAAABHU/Ahdz-nFSUn0/s640/llanthony-tower.jpg" title="Llanthony Priory tower and nave" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Llanthony
Priory. The remains of the crossing tower with the north arcade of the nave and
two arches of the south arcade. The south transept is to the right of the
tower. The small pointed arch on the right of the south transept leads to the
slype, a covered passageway between the south transept and the chapter house</span></i></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Llanthony
Priory lies in the Vale of Ewyas, a classical glaciated valley with steep sides
and a flat valley floor. At the head of the valley, to the north, Gospel Pass
leads over to the town of Hay-on-Wye.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
valley changes direction at Llanthony, so the impression at the priory site is
of being surrounded by hills. This gives the site a sense of being enclosed,
separated from the rest of the world. Early Christian monastic foundations seem
to have liked spaces that were clearly delineated, such as islands and ex-Roman
forts, and the Llanthony Priory site has a distinct feeling of an island valley amongst
the hills.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Map
link: <a href="http://streetmap.co.uk/map.srf?X=329014&Y=228352&A=Y&Z=120" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Llanthony Priory</a> <a href="http://streetmap.co.uk/map.srf?X=329014&Y=228352&A=Y&Z=120"></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Llanthony
was an Augustinian priory, founded in the early twelfth century by a Norman
knight named William de Lacy. Tradition says that one day when out hunting he
took shelter in a ruined chapel dedicated to St David, and then founded a
priory on the same site. The ruins of the priory church visible today belong to
a grandiose rebuilding project conducted by the de Lacy family in the period
1180-1230.</span></div>
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probably once the prior’s cellar – highly appropriate that it still retains
something approximating to its original use – and is a great place to stop for
a beer on a long bike ride (sustenance is in order before tackling the climb
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
south and west walls of the crossing tower still stand to some height</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-jTwDL3uzxqM/Vgat64anKRI/AAAAAAAABH8/WCABhUC8XTg/s1600/llanthony-tower-east.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="366" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-jTwDL3uzxqM/Vgat64anKRI/AAAAAAAABH8/WCABhUC8XTg/s400/llanthony-tower-east.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
crossing tower from the east end, with the nave beyond</span></i></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-AiA8BP1s7W8/Vgat9lezXEI/AAAAAAAABIE/YHO7kyU4-0U/s1600/llanthony-tower-west.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="298" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-AiA8BP1s7W8/Vgat9lezXEI/AAAAAAAABIE/YHO7kyU4-0U/s400/llanthony-tower-west.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Looking
along the nave to the remains of the crossing tower, with the remains of the
south transept on the right</span></i></td></tr>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
arches of the nave arcade are pointed arches in the Gothic style. But the row
of smaller windows above the arch in the tower are round arches in the Norman
style.</span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-gIA8SbrzhZU/Vgat0Th_F1I/AAAAAAAABHs/i2-1pPSGVEg/s1600/llanthony-round-window.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="328" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-gIA8SbrzhZU/Vgat0Th_F1I/AAAAAAAABHs/i2-1pPSGVEg/s640/llanthony-round-window.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Close-up
of the upper windows in the crossing tower</span></i></td></tr>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
south transept also has round arches standing</span></div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-LMJg12iROqw/Vgat3zQoGNI/AAAAAAAABH0/UALEo8n3WFA/s1600/llanthony-sourth-transept.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-LMJg12iROqw/Vgat3zQoGNI/AAAAAAAABH0/UALEo8n3WFA/s400/llanthony-sourth-transept.jpg" width="382" /></a></td></tr>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Mixed
styles are very common in British medieval churches, because architectural
fashions could change in the decades that it took to build a large church, and
building designs were frequently altered during construction. Presumably the
builders of Llanthony Priory church started at the east end with the
traditional Norman round arch style, and then decided to adopt the fashionable
new pointed Gothic arch as the church building progressed west.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
place name, Llanthony, looks at first sight as though the church should be
dedicated to St Anthony, with the Welsh ‘llan’ (church) and the saint’s
name.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>However, the parish church on the
site is dedicated to St David, the patron saint of Wales, and the priory church
was dedicated to St John.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>So where does
St Anthony come into it?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
answer is that he doesn’t. The Welsh name is Llanddewi Nant Honddu, ‘the church
of St David in the valley of the [river] Honddu’, a completely accurate
descriptive name describing the dedication of the parish church (and the
original chapel) and its location.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
‘Nant Honddu’ seems to have been transformed into ‘Anthony’, perhaps through
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<![endif]--><br />Carlahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11901028520813891575noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19922276.post-5029557365713163042015-08-31T22:15:00.000+01:002015-08-31T22:15:48.057+01:00Life After Life, by Kate Atkinson. Book review<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Doubleday,
2013. ISBN 978-0-385-61867-0. 477 pages</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Life After Life</span></i><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> is set in England
and Germany between 1910 and 1967, against the background of the First and
Second World Wars. All the main characters are fictional.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Ursula
Todd, born into a prosperous family in rural England in 1910, lives her life
over and over again through the traumatic events of the first half of the twentieth
century. The first time she is born, she dies before taking her first breath.
On the second occasion, the doctor has arrived in time and baby Ursula survives
to experience childhood during the First World War and the influenza epidemic
of 1919. On other occasions, she experiences the Second World War as a young
woman, both in Germany in the ruins of Berlin in 1945 and in London during the
Blitz. Each time, she is disturbed by bewildering flashes of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">deja vu</i> – glimpses into the past,
present and future of alternative lives – but without fully understanding what they
are. And in one of her lives she has a chance to
change the course of history...</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Most
people, I imagine, have had occasions when they wonder about ‘the road not
travelled’, and speculate on what might have happened if they had done X
instead of Y at a particular point. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Life
After Life</i> explores that concept, by allowing the central character to live
her life many times over, each time taking a different path. Each cycle starts
with her birth in the middle of a snowstorm in 1910, and each ends with the
words ‘Darkness fell’. In one life she experiences a violent marriage; in
others she avoids the events that led her to that marriage and develops other
relationships. One life takes her to 1930s Germany, where she becomes friendly
with Eva Braun and, through Eva, acquainted with a fringe politician called
Adolf Hitler. Sometimes the different paths diverge wildly, sometimes many
paths all lead to the same or very similar endings (several end at the
1918/1919 influenza epidemic, and several more end during the Blitz).</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">For
me, by far the strongest part of the novel was the central section set in
London during the Second World War. Ursula is an adult woman by then and
experiences the Blitz in various ways during several of her lives. It is a
dramatic and convincing portrayal of life for ordinary people, being bombed out
of their homes, working in rescue services, fire-watching, and vividly describes
the everyday privations, the many ghastly ways to suffer and die, the numbing
effect of witnessing repeated horrors, and the random nature of events, where
running after a stray dog can make the difference between living – for another
day at least – and dying. These scenes are so convincing that I wonder if they
might be based on eyewitness accounts. The novel is well worth reading for this
section alone.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
cyclical nature of the narrative can be repetitive or rhythmic. Which it is
probably depends on the reader and/or the reader’s mood. Sometimes arriving at
the same place yet again borders on the tedious; on one occasion the author writes
‘Darkness, and so on’, instead of the usual ‘Darkness fell’, leading me to
wonder if she herself was getting a little weary at that point. Ursula is by
far the dominant character, since she is the central figure in every cycle,
whereas some of the secondary characters appear in only one of the lives and
are never seen again. Those secondary characters who are recurring figures, such
as Ursula’s immediate family, are developed into distinct personalities. It
would be difficult to confuse Ursula’s brothers Maurice and Teddy, for example.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">I
have to say that I was not much taken with the central premise of living one’s
life over and over again until one ‘gets it right’. What counts as ‘getting it
right’? Living as long as possible? As happily as possible? What if the other people
involved have a different idea of ‘getting it right’? And so on. On the other
hand, ignoring the value judgment implied in ‘getting it right’, it’s interesting
to watch events play out in different ways as Ursula encounters different
people and situations. In a few cases she consciously influences events by
taking a definite action or making a different decision, seemingly based on a
hazy recollection of one of her other lives, though for the most part it seems
that the changes in her various lives happen without her having to do anything.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Beautifully
written tale with an unusual cyclical structure, memorable mainly for the
dramatic sequences set in the London Blitz during the Second World War.</span></div>
Carlahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11901028520813891575noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19922276.post-84648748389920052412015-07-30T13:25:00.000+01:002015-07-30T13:25:36.400+01:00An Officer and a Spy, by Robert Harris. Book review<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Arrow
2014. ISBN 978-0-09-958088-1. 610 pages.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Set
mainly in France in 1895-1899, this is a retelling in fiction of the infamous
Dreyfus Affair, a notorious miscarriage of justice that saw army officer Alfred
Dreyfus wrongfully imprisoned on Devil’s Island for crimes he had never
committed. All the characters are historical figures.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">In
Paris, in January 1895, Major Georges Picquart watches as army officer Alfred
Dreyfus, convicted in a military court of selling secrets to Germany, is
ritually degraded in front of a howling crowd before being sent to life
imprisonment in appalling conditions on Devil’s Island. Picquart’s report on
the event for the Minister of War results in his promotion to Colonel and appointment
as head of the ‘Statistical Section’ – the army’s counter-espionage unit.
Picquart does not want the job, but is determined to do it thoroughly. Soon his
work shows that there is still a spy in the French army trying to sell
classified material to the German embassy. As Picquart follows the threads and
gathers more evidence, he discovers proof that Dreyfus was wrongly convicted
and the real spy is still at large. But his superiors in the army and the
government are far more concerned with covering up their own failings in the
original investigation than in correcting a miscarriage of justice, or even the
protection of their country’s secrets. If Picquart continues his investigation,
the threat is clear – the establishment will close ranks to destroy him as they
destroyed Dreyfus.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">An Officer and a Spy</span></i><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> is a tense
psychological thriller. The narrative is consistently gripping as events twist
and turn, and the atmosphere of corruption and menace is as all-pervading as
the stink from the Paris sewers. At its heart is the dilemma faced by Picquart,
a man of integrity who finds that the institution to which he has devoted his
life is corrupt at its highest levels. Does he go along with the corruption and
lose his self-respect?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Or does he follow
his conscience, try to pursue justice, and lose his career, his position in
society, his livelihood and his freedom, and perhaps also destroy the lives of
people he loves? Many aspects of the Dreyfus Affair have modern parallels, and
this gives the novel a powerful feel of immediacy.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">An Officer and a Spy</span></i><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> follows the
historical events of the Dreyfus Affair faithfully. The Author’s Note at the
beginning says ‘None of the characters in the pages that follow, even the most
minor, is wholly fictional, and almost all of what occurs, at least in some
form, actually happened in real life’. Although I had vaguely heard of the
Dreyfus Affair before reading <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">An Officer
and a Spy</i>, it was mostly in the context of Emile Zola’s famous
‘J’accuse...!’ letter. I had never heard of Georges Picquart before, even
though it seems that Picquart was the key figure – Zola’s letter essentially
gave a push to a something that Picquart had already begun, and without
Picquart’s testimony the truth would never have come to light. I also had not realised
the discrepancy between the original offence – the ‘secrets’ for which Dreyfus
was wrongly imprisoned in such inhuman conditions were actually rather minor –
and the astonishing scale of the cover-up. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">An Officer and a Spy</span></i><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> does a masterly
job of shaping a complex sequence of events and reversals over several years
into a coherent narrative whose pace never flags. It is recounted throughout in
first-person present tense by Picquart, whose character is key to the whole
novel. Picquart as portrayed here is an admirable character, driven not by any
particular sentiment or regard for Dreyfus, nor even (at least initially) by
any high-flown ideals of truth and justice, but by a steady professional
determination to do his job thoroughly and honestly (and later, also by a
desire for revenge on the army for their treatment of a woman he cares for).
The other characters are deftly drawn with a few bold strokes, so that even
though there is not much demographic diversity in the cast – they are almost
all middle-aged Frenchmen and most of them are army officers – they emerge as
distinct individuals. I am afraid that most of the army does not come out of
the novel with much credit (except General Leclerc, provincial commander in
North Africa) but being on the wrong side of the narrative does not prevent
them being portrayed with sympathy and understanding, particularly Picquart’s
adversary Major Henry.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
writing style is clear and unfussy, and the 600-odd pages pass effortlessly. I
normally dislike present-tense narratives, but it is a testament to the quality
of the writing that after a few pages I had ceased to notice it.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Taut,
gripping thriller retelling the Dreyfus Affair, carried by the admirable
central character and with a disturbing number of modern parallels.</span></div>
Carlahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11901028520813891575noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19922276.post-27951870507771177022015-06-30T19:37:00.001+01:002015-06-30T19:37:46.144+01:00Semper Fidelis, by Ruth Downie. Book review<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bloomsbury
2013. ISBN 978-1-60819-709-5. 330 pages</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Semper Fidelis</span></i><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> is the fifth of
the Ruso mysteries, following <a href="http://carlanayland.blogspot.co.uk/2010/08/ruso-and-disappearing-dancing-girls-by.html" target="_blank"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ruso and the Disappearing Dancing Girls</i></a> (US title <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Medicus</i>)</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">,
<a href="http://carlanayland.blogspot.co.uk/2010/11/ruso-and-demented-doctor-by-rs-downie.html" target="_blank"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ruso and the Demented Doctor</i></a> (US
title <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Terra Incognita</i>)</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">,
<a href="http://carlanayland.blogspot.co.uk/2011/05/ruso-and-root-of-all-evils-by-rs-downie.html" target="_blank"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ruso and the Root of All Evils</i></a> (US title
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Persona Non Grata</i>)</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">,
and <a href="http://carlanayland.blogspot.co.uk/2012/08/ruso-and-river-of-darkness-by-rs-downie.html" target="_blank"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ruso and the River of Darkness</i></a> (US
title <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Caveat Emptor</i>)</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is set in 122 AD in Eboracum (modern York)
during the visit of Emperor Hadrian to the Roman province of Britannia. Emperor
Hadrian and Empress Sabina are historical figures and important secondary
characters. All the main characters are fictional.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Roman
Army surgeon Gaius Petreius Ruso and his British wife Tilla are visiting the near-deserted legionary fortress of Eboracum, ostensibly to inspect the medical
facilities before the fortress is handed over to its new garrison, but in
reality to avoid the frantic preparations in Deva (modern Chester) for the
Emperor Hadrian’s official visit. Ruso is hoping for an uneventful trip, as
Eboracum is currently home only to a few ageing legionaries training a group of
about 50 British legionary recruits. But on the day he arrives, one of the
recruits commits suicide by jumping from the roof of the headquarters building,
and it soon becomes clear that other recruits have died in sinister
circumstances. Ruso’s attempt to investigate is met by a wall of official
silence and outright lies. Tilla finds some of the answers among the recruits’
civilian wives and girlfriends – answers that no-one in authority wants to
hear. As Ruso and Tilla uncover more of the sordid truth, the obstructionism
gives way to threats and violence. Will they be able to stay alive, let alone
to get justice for the recruits?</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Like
its predecessors, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Semper Fidelis</i>
draws on the cultural conflicts between the world of the British tribes,
represented by Tilla, and the Roman world, represented by Ruso and the various
officials of the Roman army and administration. It maintains the characteristic
attractive dry humour of the rest of the series, perhaps with a darker tone, as
Ruso, an intelligent and decent man, tries to navigate organisational
stupidity, official corruption, the demands of his family in Gaul, and the
bewildering behaviour of humanity in general. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">For
me, the appeal of the Ruso series lies in the characters and their
relationships, with the mystery tending to be secondary. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Semper Fidelis</i> is no exception; there is a mystery, or two,
successfully resolved, but it is not so much a ‘whodunit’ as a ‘what-to-do-about-it’.
Ruso and Tilla find out most of what is going on in Eboracum quite quickly. The
main dilemmas they face are in trying to decide what actions they can take that
might have a chance of improving the situation, preferably without destroying
themselves or others in the process. As Tilla says at one point, Ruso is ‘a
good man in a bad place’. The easiest and personally safest course would be to
shrug and ignore the problem. But both Tilla and Ruso have an active conscience
and a strong moral code – remarkably similar, despite their different cultural
backgrounds – that will not let them stand idly by without at least trying to get
some semblance of justice. This was the core of the novel for me – will they
succeed, and what will the attempt cost them?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
secondary characters are vivid and lively. Ruso’s irresponsible and charming colleague
Valens makes a brief but important reappearance, as does the sinister secret
security officer Metellus. New characters include the aristocratic tribune
Accius, who turns out to be more interesting than he first appears, and the
vivacious but airheaded Virana, who will probably return in the next book to
exasperate Tilla further if the ending is anything to go by.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">A
brief Author’s Note at the end outlines some of the background of Hadrian’s
visit to Britain, and a map at the front is helpful for readers unfamiliar with
the geography of Roman Britain. There’s also the usual witty character list at
the front, worth reading in its own right although the characters were so
distinctive I never needed to refer to it.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Entertaining
historical mystery with darker themes of injustice and abuse of power, told
with wry humour.</span></div>
Carlahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11901028520813891575noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19922276.post-27596340810261404502015-05-31T17:20:00.000+01:002015-05-31T17:20:01.799+01:00The Invisible Woman: the story of Nelly Ternan and Charles Dickens, by Claire Tomalin. Book review<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Penguin
1991. ISBN 978-0-140-12136-0. 283 pages</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The Invisible Woman</span></i><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> is a historical
biography of Ellen (Nelly) Ternan, a not-very-famous actress in Victorian
London who had a close relationship with the writer Charles Dickens for
thirteen years from 1857 to his death in 1870. It is also the story of Nelly’s
mother and two older sisters, all professional actresses; of Nelly’s husband
and children in the second life she built after Dickens’ death; and of the
detective work required for the author to rediscover the story after the
valiant attempts made by Nelly, Dickens and their families and associates to
obliterate all evidence of their association.</span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">I
enjoyed this book very much more than I expected to. Although Nelly Ternan’s
relationship – whatever it was – with Dickens is what she is now famous for and
the reason <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Invisible Woman</i> was
written, it turns out to be one of the least interesting things in a full and
varied life. Nelly Ternan went from an impoverished child actress earning a
precarious living touring provincial theatres with her two sisters and
redoubtable widowed mother, to a well-off if not entirely respectable lady, to
the popular wife of a provincial schoolmaster. Her two sisters, Frances (Fanny)
and Maria, lived even more unorthodox lives. Fanny was by turns an actress,
singer, teacher, novelist and biographer, and successfully made the Jane Eyre
transition from governess to respected married lady. Maria left her businessman
husband to earn her own living in Italy as an artist, journalist and foreign
correspondent, travelling to Egypt and North Africa. All this in an age when
women were expected to be entirely passive, dependent and confined to the
domestic sphere (as exemplified by most of Dickens’ heroines). </span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
writing style in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Invisible Woman</i>
is clear, unfussy, lively and sympathetic without being sentimental. Nelly’s life
is painstakingly pieced together from mere scraps of evidence – playbills,
rates and rent records, obscure passing references, a diary so abbreviated it
could almost be written in code – because Nelly, Dickens and their respective
families went to considerable lengths to destroy all the letters and papers in
their possession. Nelly herself deliberately created something close to a new
identity for herself after Dickens’ death, taking twelve years off her age and
hiding both her theatrical past and her association with Dickens from her
husband and children. The result is a sort of cross between a biography and a
scholarly detective story, as the author tracks Nelly from one fleeting
appearance to the next, cross-referencing clues to build up a plausible
picture. Numerous footnotes and references back up the statements in the text,
and the author takes care to distinguish between evidence, inference and
speculation.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
introductory chapters describing Nelly’s family background and her early life
as a child performer, long before Dickens appeared in her life, are some of the
most interesting in the book. This section forms a social history of the world
of the professional theatre in Regency and Victorian England, a self-contained sub-culture
with its own set of values and social norms. Women in the theatre were both
expected and able to earn their own living independently of a man, and indeed
the women in Nelly’s immediate family were frequently the primary breadwinners,
even when there was a man in the family. This independent earning capacity
conferred some resilience, so Nelly’s mother was able to support herself and
her three small daughters when her husband died of syphilis. Some successful
actresses managed to attain a degree of personal freedom otherwise unheard-of in
respectable Victorian society, such as being able to leave an unsatisfactory husband,
live with a man outside of marriage, and bring up children on their own. But it
carried a price in terms of financial insecurity – even very successful
actresses often died in poverty after they became too old to work – and in exclusion
from and the disapproval of polite society. Two young actresses living in the
theatre district could all too easily be mistaken for a different kind of
working girl and subjected to police harassment with the threat of arrest and
ruin, and for a lovely young actress touring in Ireland the risk of abduction
and rape by an unscrupulous aristocrat was considered an occupational hazard.
All three of the Ternan sisters ruthlessly suppressed their theatrical past
when marriage allowed them entry into polite society. This was a fascinating
glimpse into a world I knew almost nothing about, and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Invisible Woman</i> was well worth reading for this alone.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">There
is an extensive bibliography for anyone who wants to follow up source material
for themselves, and a detailed index for reference.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Clear,
lively, sympathetic and scholarly biography of the unorthodox lives of Nelly
Ternan and her sisters, combined with an illuminating social history of the Victorian
theatrical world.</span></div>
Carlahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11901028520813891575noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19922276.post-12984660802420466122015-04-30T16:49:00.000+01:002015-04-30T16:49:16.994+01:00Sovereign, by CJ Sansom. Book review<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pan,
2007. ISBN 978-0-330-43608-3. 653 pages</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">This
historical mystery is the third in the Shardlake series, following on from
<i>Dissolution</i> (<a href="http://carlanayland.blogspot.co.uk/2012/05/dissolution-by-cj-sansom-book-review.html" target="_blank">review</a>)
and <i>Dark Fire </i>(<a href="http://carlanayland.blogspot.co.uk/2013/02/dark-fire-by-cj-sansom-book-review.html" target="_blank">review</a>).
<i>Sovereign</i> is set in York and London in September-November 1541, with an
epilogue in February 1542. King Henry VIII, Queen Catherine Howard, Lady Jane
Rochford and Archbishop Cranmer are important secondary characters. All the
main characters are fictional.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">After
the horrors recounted in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Dark Fire</i>,
lawyer Matthew Shardlake has built up a modestly prosperous property law
practice in London, with Jack Barak (formerly one of Thomas Cromwell’s
henchmen) employed as his clerk. When Shardlake accepts a seemingly
straightforward task from Archbishop Cranmer, he finds out too late that it
also involves a political mission, escorting an important prisoner from York to
London. Arriving in York, Shardlake and Barak find the city and region seething
with resentment and hostility to the King. The destruction of the monasteries
and the sale of their vast land holdings to absentee landlords, mainly in London,
has not only wrecked the regional economy as the new landlords siphon the rents
south, but also removed the safety net for those left destitute. Only a few
months earlier a conspiracy against the King was discovered, throwing the
London government into a panic and provoking King Henry to undertake a huge
armed progress through the north of England. Shardlake’s prisoner was part of
this conspiracy, and is to face torture in the Tower of London to force him to
betray his associates. Shardlake, a humane man, is distressed by his mission
and by the obvious injustice of the treatment of the North. And then a murder and
a chance encounter bring Shardlake and Barak into possession of not one but two
secrets perilously close to the throne. As events unfold, Shardlake uncovers a
secret that threatens to plunge England into chaos and civil war – and he has
powerful enemies at court who have a terrifying fate in store for him...</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">This
third instalment in the Shardlake series is even darker than the first two.
Corruption and cruelty are pervasive, and Shardlake finds out – personally, in
one of the most harrowing sequences in the book – that honesty and justice do
not necessarily provide any protection. His disillusion with both religion and
royalty, developing through the first two novels as he witnessed abuses of
power, is now complete. Shardlake is a decent man living in evil times, when
integrity and a strong moral sense can carry a very high price. Several years
ago when I reviewed <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Dissolution</i>, I
said ‘I will be interested to see how (if?) Shardlake and his principles manage
to navigate the rest of Henry’s increasingly tyrannical reign’. In <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sovereign</i>, this is thrown into sharp
relief.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
plot is suitably complex, with multiple strands that cut across one another.
Some are connected and some are purely coincidental, providing ample scope for
red herrings and false leads to keep the reader guessing. Whether the ancient
rumours on which the main plot turns would really have been enough to threaten
Henry VIII is hard to say. On the one hand, the dearth of alternative
candidates – the nearest direct heir was a Cardinal in Rome – would surely have
given pragmatists pause. On the other, Henry had made a great many enemies as a
result of his marital antics, religious power-grab and increasingly tyrannical
rule, and at least two serious rebellions had already been attempted (the
Pilgrimage of Grace in 1536 and the conspiracy in 1541). Given Henry’s caprice
and paranoia, it is entirely plausible that such rumours could have been extremely
dangerous to those who happened upon them (regardless of whether there was
actually a credible threat to Henry himself).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">I was
pleased to see Jack Barak back again, after his introduction in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Dark Fire</i>. This time he has a challenge
of his own, a sparky young woman who works as a confectioner and seamstress for
one of Queen Catherine’s ladies. It will be interesting to see if Barak is
luckier in love than Shardlake has been so far – though I have to say I can’t
really imagine Barak as a steady family man.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Like
the previous two, the novel is very long and the pace is stately, even slow.
This partly reflects Shardlake’s methodical nature; he seems to observe even
attempts on his life in meticulous detail. The slow pace and the length allows
plenty of space for historical detail about life at various levels of society under
Henry’s rule.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">A
helpful historical note at the end outlines the background to the Progress, the
northern rebellions and the rumours about the Tudor family tree, and there is a
bibliography of selected further reading. A map at the front showing the layout
of York in 1541 is helpful to follow the scenes in the city, and another map
outlines the route of the Progress and Shardlake’s voyage from York to London
for readers unfamiliar with English geography.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dark
historical mystery set against the cruelty and corruption of England during the
later years of Henry VIII’s reign.</span></div>
Carlahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11901028520813891575noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19922276.post-36274863987752840332015-03-31T20:56:00.000+01:002015-03-31T20:56:00.633+01:00A Murder of Crows, by PF Chisholm. Book review<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Poisoned
Pen Press, 2010. ISBN 978-1-59058-737-9. 253 pages.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">This
historical mystery is set in London in 1592. Sir Robert Carey, his father Lord
Hunsdon (cousin of Queen Elizabeth I through his mother Mary Boleyn), his
father Lady Hunsdon, Robert Cecil, Vice Chamberlain Heneage, Will Shakespeare
and Christopher Marlowe are all historical figures and major characters. The
central character, Land-Sergeant Henry Dodd of Gilsland on the Anglo-Scottish
border, is fictional.</span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Tough
Borderer Henry Dodd wants vengeance on Vice Chamberlain Heneage for the
injuries he sustained in an earlier adventure. He has reluctantly been
persuaded that the way such matters are handled in the strange foreign world of
London is by suing Heneage in the law courts, rather than by the traditional
Border method of burning Heneage’s property and stealing his livestock. Dodd
has little faith in this peculiar southern system but is prepared to give it a
try. However, no lawyer in London is willing to accept the commission, even for
the handsome fee offered by Lord Hunsdon – until a young Cornish lawyer offers
to take the case with suspicious eagerness. Meanwhile, Lord Hunsdon wants Carey
and Dodd to solve the mystery of an<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>unknown corpse with no feet that has washed up on the Palace steps. And
to complicate matters further, Carey’s formidable mother Lady Hunsdon arrives
unexpectedly in London with business of her own that will get Dodd and Carey
into still more trouble.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">PF
Chisholm is a pen name of Patricia Finney, who has written several novels set
in Elizabethan England. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">A Murder of Crows</i>
is the fifth in a series of historical mysteries starring Sir Robert Carey and
Henry Dodd. I didn’t know that when I picked this up, and haven’t read any of
the others. This one seemed to work perfectly well as a stand-alone, although
there were probably references to the previous books that I missed.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
vigorous, chaotic and ruthless world of Elizabethan London is brilliantly
realised in this entertaining mystery. The glittering snake-pit of the court
sits cheek-by-jowl with the criminal underworld, and which has the more cheats,
liars, thieves and murderers is anyone’s guess.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
plot is complicated, with several intertwining sub-plots involving political
rivalry, financial scams, secret codes, murder, torture and mistaken identity.
Both playwrights, Shakespeare and Marlowe, are engaged in various degrees of
shady espionage work for patrons unknown, the young Cornish lawyer James Enys
is not what he seems, and both Lord and Lady Hunsdon have something to hide. I soon
gave up trying to work out who was double-crossing whom, and just went along
for the highly enjoyable ride as the dour and very practical Sergeant Dodd
works out the solution and brings matters to a satisfactory conclusion.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Although
it is billed as ‘A Sir Robert Carey Mystery’, Robert Carey himself is rather a
secondary character, and events are almost all seen through the eyes of Henry
Dodd. This adds a wonderfully surreal note of comedy to the mayhem, as Dodd
views London, with its commerce and courtly shenanigans, through the prism of
Border reiver ways – which prove more applicable than one might imagine. Dodd’s
speculations about the practicalities of staging a reiving raid on London form
a running joke throughout the novel. He has a healthy lack of respect for some
of the fripperies of London life, such as the uncomfortable clothes and
self-important courtiers, but is developing a reluctant taste for some of its
luxuries, like tobacco and a ready supply of apples (which are rare on the
Borders, owing to the reivers’ habit of destroying orchards along with
everything else). Dodd’s wry humour and down-to-earth attitude make him a
splendid guide to Elizabethan London. Other than Dodd, the most memorable
character is Lady Hunsdon, here imagined in the entertaining if somewhat
unlikely guise of a lady privateer – a sort of Cornish Grace O’Malley
commanding a tough crew of pirates. I have to say I didn’t find this terribly
convincing, but it was great fun.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">A Murder of Crows</span></i><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> is full of
historical detail, usually either worked into the plot (e.g. paper is extremely
expensive, which leads Dodd to an important clue) or to develop character, such
as Dodd’s musings on the contrasts between life in London and life on the
Borders. Period terminology and slang adds atmosphere. There is a glossary of
period terms at the back for readers who are unfamiliar with them. I worked
most of them out from context, which is just as well as I didn’t find the glossary
until I finished the book. Regional accents indicate the various characters’
origins and social position, with Cockney, Cumbrian and Cornish alongside
formal court English.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Entertaining
murder mystery set in Elizabethan London against the murky backdrop of court
factions and dubious financial dealings.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
Carlahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11901028520813891575noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19922276.post-90453469636657157152015-03-28T14:37:00.000+00:002015-03-28T14:37:10.755+00:00March recipe: Bakewell tart<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-R1pHyk1FlJA/VRa7zfEeRWI/AAAAAAAABG8/54sVKdSUwiM/s1600/bakewell-tart.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-R1pHyk1FlJA/VRa7zfEeRWI/AAAAAAAABG8/54sVKdSUwiM/s1600/bakewell-tart.jpg" height="262" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><i>Bakewell
tart</i> </span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bakewell
tart is a jam- or fruit-filled almond tart. It may be derived from the Bakewell
pudding, a sort of almond custard pudding traditionally considered to have been
invented by mistake in the early nineteenth century at a hotel in Bakewell*,
Derbyshire. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">There
are many variations of Bakewell tart. Some recipes use puff pastry for the
base, some insist on a specific type of jam for the filling, some use fruit
instead of jam, some use breadcrumbs instead of flour in the almond sponge. The
version I make uses shortcrust pastry and whatever jam I have to hand, which in
turn usually depends on what soft fruit was most abundant the previous summer.
The tart in the photograph is filled with blackcurrant jam. Here’s the recipe.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bakewell tart</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pastry</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">4 oz
(approx 100 g) plain flour</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1 oz
(approx 25 g) lard</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1 oz
(approx 25 g) butter</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Filling</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Approximately
3 generous Tablespoons (3 x 15 ml spoons) jam of your choice</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2 oz
(approx 50 g) butter</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2 oz
(approx 50 g) light brown soft sugar</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2 eggs</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2 oz
(approx 50 g) plain flour</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2 oz
(approx 50 g) ground almonds</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">First
make the pastry. Rub the butter and lard into the flour until the mixture
resembles fine breadcrumbs.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Mix
with a little cold water to a soft dough. If it is flaky, add a little more
water; if it is sticky add a little more flour.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Or
you could use ready-made shortcrust pastry if you prefer.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Roll
out the pastry on a floured work surface and use it to line a shallow tart dish
about 7” (approx 18 cm) diameter.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Spread
the jam over the pastry in an even layer.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Cream
the butter and sugar together until light and fluffy.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Beat
in the egg.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Stir
in the flour and ground almonds.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Spread
the mixture evenly over the jam and level the surface.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bake
the tart in a hot oven at approximately 200 C for about 25 - 30 minutes, until
the filling is set and pale golden.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Serve
warm or cold, with pouring cream, whipped cream or ice cream.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">I
expect to get about 6 slices out of a tart this size, but that depends on how
large a slice you like.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
tart will keep in an airtight tin for several days, or can be frozen.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">*Bakewell
is a pretty small town in the beautiful Peak District National Park, and probably
makes an appearance as Lambton in Jane Austen’s <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pride and Prejudice</i></span></div>
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<![endif]--><br />Carlahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11901028520813891575noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19922276.post-75423648439122255852015-02-28T00:20:00.000+00:002015-02-28T00:20:46.097+00:00The Light Between Oceans, by M.L. Stedman. Book review<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Doubleday
2012. ISBN 978-0-857-52100-2. 362 pages</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The Light Between Oceans</span></i><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> is set in Western
Australia in 1918–1930 with an epilogue in 1950. All the characters and events
are fictional.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Tom
Sherbourne, veteran of the First World War, is now keeper of the lighthouse on
lonely Janus Rock, situated a hundred miles off the south-western coast of
Australia where the Indian Ocean and Southern Ocean meet. The steady rhythm of
tending to the light begins to heal the scars of war, and when Tom falls in
love with the beautiful and lively Isabel and brings her to the island as his
wife, their happiness seems complete. But Isabel, who longs for a child,
suffers a series of miscarriages, and the repeated tragedies take a heavy
psychological toll on her. So when a rowing boat containing a dead man and a
healthy baby washes up on Janus, to Isabel it seems like a miraculous answer to
her prayers. Tom knows he should report it – somewhere there may be a mother
grieving for the lost baby in the boat – but can he bring himself to deprive
his beloved Isabel of the child she yearns for?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">This
book was described to me as ‘a real tear-jerker’ and there are certainly some
emotional scenes. I can’t describe the central emotional dilemma without
spoilers so I won’t say what happens – only that good people, all acting with
good intentions, manage to create a situation that is bound to be heartbreaking
for somebody and might well be a tragedy for everybody. At the heart of the novel
is the question: given that this impossible situation has arisen, what to do
for the best? Readers may not necessarily agree with the various characters’
answers to that question – and indeed some will probably find some of them
incomprehensible or even reprehensible. But the novel does an excellent job of
making the people and their conflicts feel very real.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">All
the main characters are fully developed as individuals with their own
personalities, their own vulnerabilities, hopes and fears, and a mix of appealing
and not-so-appealing characteristics. For example, Isabel’s liveliness,
irreverence and youthful enthusiasm make her attractive – I can see why the
older and more reserved Tom falls head-over-heels for her – but she also has a
childish egotism that leads her to some distinctly unpleasant actions. Tom’s
sense of right and duty, and his desire to protect Isabel and make her happy,
are appealing, but his half-baked attempts to do the right thing without
hurting Isabel seem ill-thought-out at best – it’s clear that he did not intend
to be cruel, and yet it’s hard to see what other effect it could have had.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
other characters are equally distinctive, from the captain and crew of the
store boat that is the only link between Janus Rock and the mainland to the
humane local police sergeant.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Landscapes
are also vividly described, from the isolation of Janus Rock surrounded only by
ocean and stars to the mainland forests with their populations of exotic birds
and animals. Western Australia was totally unknown to me before I started
reading this book, so I had only the descriptions on the page to create a
picture in the imagination. Readers who know the area will be able to assess
whether the descriptions are accurate; all I can say is that they successfully created
a ‘virtual world’ to step into. I have no idea whether Janus Rock really exists
or not, but it certainly exists within the pages of the novel.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">There’s
a useful map at the front of the book for readers who, like me, are unfamiliar
with the geography of Western Australia. As almost all the events take place
either on Janus or in the small mainland town of Partageuse the map isn’t
really needed to follow most of the book, though it was useful for me to be
able to look up the location of the epilogue.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Compelling
tale of people caught in an emotional and moral dilemma of their own making,
where there are no easy solutions and no right answers.</span></div>
Carlahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11901028520813891575noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19922276.post-6170426743610324042015-01-31T18:11:00.001+00:002015-01-31T18:27:28.214+00:00Llangors Crannog<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-q5SMi9IMnCE/VM0XWuJYyBI/AAAAAAAABGA/Fe2IrubbVRo/s1600/llangors-crannog-viewing.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-q5SMi9IMnCE/VM0XWuJYyBI/AAAAAAAABGA/Fe2IrubbVRo/s1600/llangors-crannog-viewing.jpg" height="301" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Viewing
platform</span></i></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Llangors
Lake (also called Llyn Syfaddan and Brycheiniog Mere) is the largest natural
lake in South Wales. It is located in south-east Wales, not far from Brecon.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Map
link: <a href="http://streetmap.co.uk/map.srf?X=312759&Y=226632&A=Y&Z=120" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Llangors Lake</a> <a href="http://streetmap.co.uk/map.srf?X=312759&Y=226632&A=Y&Z=120"></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Llangors
Lake was formed by glacial meltwater after the last Ice Age. It is a shallow
lake (only about 7 m deep), notable for an abundance of fish and water birds
(and a legendary aquatic monster or <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">afanc</i>).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is also the site of the only known crannog
in England and Wales. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Llangors Crannog</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">A
crannog is an artificial island, typically constructed a little way offshore in
an inland lake, river or estuary.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Crannogs were dwelling places, with access either by boat or via a
causeway to the shore. Most of the known crannogs in the British Isles are in
Ireland and Scotland, where they range in date from the Neolithic to the early
medieval period. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Llangors
Lake is the only known example of a crannog in Wales, and perhaps reflects
Irish connections. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-y1WP41EgeiI/VM0Xu4NJmUI/AAAAAAAABGI/gYVbniCCU-Y/s1600/llangors-crannog-shore.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-y1WP41EgeiI/VM0Xu4NJmUI/AAAAAAAABGI/gYVbniCCU-Y/s1600/llangors-crannog-shore.jpg" height="365" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Llangors
crannog from the shore</span></i></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
Llangors crannog was excavated by archaeologists in 1989-1993. It was
constructed from bundles of brushwood laid on the lake bed and held in place by
hardwood beams and a ring of massive split oak piles, with a layer of sandstone
boulders placed on top of the brushwood to create a platform about 25 m across
(Wait et al 2005). </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">According
to the information board at the site, dendrochronology dating on the timbers
indicated that the crannog was constructed from trees felled in 889–893 AD. It
would have been a very considerable construction project, requiring substantial
resources in material and labour.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
excavation found a fragment of a very high-quality embroidered textile and a
bronze hinge from a reliquary of a style associated with Ireland in the 8th to
9th centuries AD. This is consistent with the Llangors crannog having had
high-status occupants, and the reliquary hinge suggests an ecclesiastical
connection. One of the Llandaff charters records that a King Awst of
Brycheiniog granted ‘Llan Cors’ and its surrounding estate to a Bishop Euddgwy
in the 8th century AD (Wait et al 2005). The charter may just be a <i>post hoc </i>ecclesiastical attempt at a land grab, but it is consistent with the presence of the reliquary hinge and may reflect a genuine church connection. Perhaps the crannog was the site of a royal and/or
episcopal hall.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Destruction of the crannog</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">A
destruction layer of charcoal and charred timber indicated that Llangors
crannog had been destroyed by fire (Wait et al 2005).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
destruction layer may relate to an event recorded in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">A.D.
916.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This year was the innocent Abbot
Egbert slain, before midsummer, on the sixteenth day before the calends of
July.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The same day was the feast of St.
Ciricius the martyr, with his companions. And within three nights sent
Ethelfleda an army into Wales, and stormed Brecknock; and there took the king's
wife, with some four and thirty others.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Anglo-Saxon
Chronicle, <a href="http://omacl.org/Anglo/part2.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">available online</a> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Ethelfleda
is Aethelflaed, Lady of the Mercians and daughter of Alfred the Great.
‘Brecknock’ is an alternative spelling of ‘Brycheiniog’. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The kingdom of Brycheiniog</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Brycheiniog
(anglicised version, Brecon) was an early medieval Brittonic kingdom in what is
now south-east Wales. Its eponymous (legendary?) founder, Brychan, is
traditionally said to be the son of a Brittonic mother and an Irish king.
Whether literally true or not, the legend is consistent with connections
between Brycheiniog and Ireland, which might account for the Irish-style
reliquary hinge and the construction of a crannog, a type of dwelling more
often associated with Ireland.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">According
to Asser’s Life of Alfred, Brycheiniog had been an ally (or vassal state,
depending how voluntary the arrangement was) of Wessex during the reign of
Alfred the Great, seeking protection against attacks from Gwynedd. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Helised, also, son of Tendyr, king of Brecon, compelled
by the force of the same sons of Rotri, of his own accord sought the government
of the aforesaid king [King Alfred]</span></div>
</blockquote>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Asser, Life of Alfred, <a href="http://omacl.org/KingAlfred/alfred.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">available online</a> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
‘sons of Rotri’ were the kings of Gwynedd, sons of Rhodri Mawr. Attacks by Norse
raiders may also have added to the pressure, as Annales Cambriae says that
Norsemen laid waste Brycheiniog in 895. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 26.65pt 29.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">894<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Anarawd came with the Angles
and laid waste Ceredigion and Ystrad Tywi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 26.65pt 29.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">895<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>The Northmen came and laid waste
Lloegr and Brycheiniog and Gwent and Gwynllywiog.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">--Annales
Cambriae, <a href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/annalescambriae.asp" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">available online</a> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
date of the alliance between Brycheiniog and Alfred is not precisely stated.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Since it was against the sons of Rhodri, it was
presumably after the death of Rhodri Mawr in 878. Anarawd ap Rhodri of Gwynedd
co-operated with ‘the Angles’, presumably Alfred, in 894 according to the
Annales Cambriae, so the relationship between Brycheiniog and Alfred was most
likely established before then. This suggests a date some time in the 880s. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">As
the crannog was built with timber felled in 889-893, its construction may have been
a response to all this political and military upheaval, perhaps a desire for a
secure place of refuge in the face of many threats and/or an attempt to proclaim
an identity as an independent kingdom and resist being swallowed up as a vassal
state.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I wonder if it was in existence
when the Norse ‘</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">came and laid waste Brycheiniog’ in 895, and if so,
whether it was attacked and how it withstood the attack. Or indeed whether it
was built as a reaction to this Norse attack, using timber that had already
been felled a few years earlier.</span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Whatever
the nature of the relationship between Alfred and the king of Brycheiniog, Aethelflaed
clearly did not regard Brycheiniog as an ally at the time of her attack in 916.
Possibly she felt that it was a Wessex arrangement that did not apply to her in
her capacity as Lady of the Mercians, or that it had been negated by the death
of Abbot Egbert, or that circumstances had changed and an alliance from the
previous generation was no longer relevant.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">It
can’t be often that one queen captures another queen in battle. I wonder about
the story or stories behind these fragments of archaeology and the laconic
references in the chronicles. Who was the now-unknown Abbot Egbert, how was he
murdered and why was he so important that his death started a war? Why did
Aethelflaed blame Brycheiniog for the murder?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Was the attack on Brycheiniog really revenge for the abbot’s death?
Aethelflaed seems to have acted very fast if she despatched an army within
three nights of the abbot’s death, especially as news would take at least some
time to travel. Was Abbot Egbert’s death merely a convenient cover for some
other motive? (or an unrelated event that was attributed an unwarranted
significance by an ecclesiastical chronicler who assumed that everything
revolved around church affairs?)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>What
did Aethelflaed think of Alfred’s alliances with the various Brittonic
kingdoms?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Aethelflaed and the queen of
Brycheiniog may have known each other personally, or at least have met at royal
court events. I wonder what they thought of each other.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Nowadays,
Llangors Lake is a tranquil place between the Black Mountains on one side and
the Brecon Beacons on the other. You can’t get to the crannog itself (except maybe
by boat; I have no idea whether you might need a permit to land there). A walkway
leads out from the shore to a modern viewing platform, with a central shelter under
a roof like an Iron Age house and a gallery all round to give uninterrupted
views of the crannog, the lake and the surrounding mountains. Information
boards explain a little about the geography and history of the lake and the
archaeological investigation on the crannog. If our visit is anything to go by,
it’s home to a lot of dragonflies, ducks and swans (alas, I didn’t spot the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">afanc</i>).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-AdZwE7SQvL4/VM0YVP1BusI/AAAAAAAABGQ/Vm4WY03BN0A/s1600/llangors-crannog.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-AdZwE7SQvL4/VM0YVP1BusI/AAAAAAAABGQ/Vm4WY03BN0A/s1600/llangors-crannog.jpg" height="271" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Llangors
crannog from the viewing platform</span></i></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">References</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Anglo-Saxon
Chronicle, <a href="http://omacl.org/Anglo/part2.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">translation available online</a> <a href="http://omacl.org/Anglo/part2.html"></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Annales
Cambriae, <a href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/annalescambriae.asp" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">available online</a> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Asser, Life of Alfred, <a href="http://omacl.org/KingAlfred/alfred.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">available online</a> <a href="http://omacl.org/KingAlfred/alfred.html"></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Wait G, Benfield S, McKewan C. Rescuing Llangors
Crannog. British Archaeology 2005;84, <a href="http://www.archaeologyuk.org/ba/ba84/feat3.shtml" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">available online</a></span></div>
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<![endif]--><br />Carlahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11901028520813891575noreply@blogger.com7tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19922276.post-12573618465066349672014-12-21T16:17:00.000+00:002014-12-21T16:17:18.663+00:00The Gathering Night, by Margaret Elphinstone. Book review<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Canongate,
2009. ISBN 978-1-84767-288-9. 368 pages.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The Gathering Night</span></i><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> is set in
Mesolithic Scotland around 6150 BC, when an underwater landslide off the coast
of Norway (the Storegga Slide) caused a tsunami that devastated the east and
north-east coast of Scotland. All the characters are fictional.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
Auk people live on the coasts and islands of what is now the western Highlands
of Scotland, grouped into individual families who come together once a year at
the Gathering in late summer. One autumn, Bakar, a young hunter, disappears
without trace from his family’s winter camp. At around the same time, four
young men of the Lynx people arrive on the west coast, having crossed all the
way from the east coast where their lands have been destroyed by a catastrophic
tsunami. Three of the Lynx men stay among the Heron people, south of Auk lands,
and one, Kemen, comes on alone to the Auk people. At the Gathering, Kemen is
accepted into the Auk people, marries an Auk girl who has just survived a
murderous attack by an unknown assailant, and is accepted into the family of
the missing Bakar. These events cause some resentment among other Auk families,
notably the family of the assaulted girl and the Auk hunter who hoped to marry
her himself. When Kemen’s brother Basajaun also turns up in Auk lands, having
left the lands of the Heron people, conflict flares. Have these Lynx refugees
brought ill fortune to the Auk people? And what are the Auk people going to do about
it?</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The Gathering Night</span></i><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> is an unusual
novel. It doesn’t really have a plot as such, although the mystery around
Bakar’s disappearance and its eventual resolution provides a loose structure.
The narrative is structured as a group of people taking it in turns to speak
around a campfire, telling of events that happened several years previously.
There is not really a central character, either. This is an egalitarian society
in which people think of themselves primarily as part of a group or groups – a family,
the Auk people – and only secondarily as individuals. The only one who seems to
have something resembling a modern sense of self is Kemen’s brother Basajaun,
and when he says to Kemen after the destruction of their lands and tribe, “A
man is his own self”, Kemen is fearful and disturbed by this strange attitude.
So characterisation in the conventional sense is limited, and the voices of the
various narrators all sound very similar. I could sometimes tell who was
speaking if I forgot to look at the tag line because of the different roles
they play – shaman, hunter, child, young woman, wife, mother – but rarely from
the style of speaking, because their society does not work that way.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">What
makes <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Gathering Night</i> stand out
is its wonderful portrayal of daily life as it might have been for the
Mesolithic people of western Scotland about 8,000 years ago. This period of
pre-history, before the coming of agriculture, is so far removed from the
modern world that it’s difficult to even begin to imagine what it might have
been like to live at that time. Almost nothing is known, as there are no
written records and very few physical remains. Archaeology has identified the
sites of some camping places, food debris such as shell middens and nutshells
provide some information about the diet, and stone tools say something about
the technology available. But the cultural, social, artistic and spiritual life
of the people who used the tools and ate the food is completely unknown. The
author has imagined how it might have been by drawing on the traditions of more
recent nomadic and hunter-gatherer societies such as the Sami, Inuit and Native
Americans. Language is also completely unknown, so the author chose Basque
names for the characters, as Basque is thought to be the only pre-agricultural
language surviving in western Europe. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">From
these sources, together with the author’s own forays into hunter-gatherer
skills (such as building a coracle), <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The
Gathering Night</i> creates a Mesolithic society complete with details of the hunting
and gathering skills that might have been used, the wide range of foods
utilised at different seasons, the reckoning of time and location, travel among
the islands and lochs of the west coast, social organisation, conventions and
values, spiritual beliefs, rituals, art and storytelling. We cannot possibly
know what Mesolithic Scotland was really like (short of time travel), but <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Gathering Night</i> imagines it as a
richly complex culture and brings it to vivid life on the page.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
Author’s Afterword outlines some of the sources underlying the novel, and hints
at some of the places involved. There is no map because, as she says, “my
characters imagined their land in other ways.” However, the landscape
descriptions are so detailed and appealing that I couldn’t help trying to
figure out how they might fit into the modern geography, and after an enjoyable
hour or two with maps of Ardnamurchan, the Isle of Mull, Ardgour and Argyll, I
reckon I can make a stab at identifying ‘Mother Mountain Island’ and ‘Gathering
Loch’ at least, and maybe some of the other locations.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Beautiful
portrayal of Mesolithic Scotland as it might have been about 8,000 years ago.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
Carlahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11901028520813891575noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19922276.post-81826076561159071332014-12-19T19:33:00.000+00:002014-12-19T19:33:25.378+00:00December recipe: Winter chicken hotpot<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-ISwyq3Rt31M/VJR8mFtHUiI/AAAAAAAABFs/hfiE6VErO5A/s1600/winter-chicken-hotpot%2B-%2BCopy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-ISwyq3Rt31M/VJR8mFtHUiI/AAAAAAAABFs/hfiE6VErO5A/s1600/winter-chicken-hotpot%2B-%2BCopy.jpg" height="333" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Winter chicken hotpot</span></i></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">This casserole
is warming, easy to make, and a versatile user-up of odds and ends of
vegetables. In this version I’ve used chicken pieces, although you could also make
it with leftover turkey if you have a lot of turkey to use up after the Big
Day. It’s a complete meal cooked in one pan, so the washing up is minimal, and
if you use tinned pulses it will take under an hour to make.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">You
can vary the vegetables as you choose, depending on what you like and what you
happen to have available. Carrot, parsnip, turnip, swede* and cooking apple
would all be quite at home. Similarly, you could use butter beans or haricot
beans instead of chick peas.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It’s the
sort of recipe that’s more of a general guide than a set of specific
instructions, and will probably be different every time you cook it. Here’s the
version I made the other day, in the middle of a busy week.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Winter chicken hotpot (serves 2) </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2 oz
(approx 50 g) dried chick peas, or twice the weight of tinned chick peas</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Two
chicken pieces (wings, drumsticks or thighs all work well)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">8 oz (approx
250 g) butternut squash</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">4 oz
(approx 125 g) leeks</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Half
a red pepper</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2 oz
(approx 50 g) mushrooms</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1
small onion</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1
clove garlic</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Approximately
0.25 pint (approx 150 ml) water</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1 teaspoon
paprika</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1
teaspoon medlar jelly** (optional)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1 lb
(approx 450 g) potatoes</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Soak
the chick peas in cold water overnight. Rinse the soaked chick peas three or
four times, then put them in a saucepan, cover with cold water, bring to the
boil and then simmer for about 1 hour to 1 hour 15 minutes until tender. If
using tinned chick peas, follow the instructions on the tin.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">If
using chicken wings, halve them at the ‘elbow’ joint. This is quite easy with a
sharp and strong cook’s knife. I find it easier to cut just on the lower side
of the joint, where the wing has two small bones instead of the single thick
bone in the upper part of the wing.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Peel
the butternut squash, scoop out the seeds in the core, and cut the rest into
chunks about 1.5 - 2 cm (0.5 - 1 inch) cubed.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Trim,
wash and slice the leeks. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Remove
the seeds from the red pepper and cut into pieces about 1.5 cm (about 0.5 inch)
square.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Peel
the mushrooms. Quarter them if small, or slice them if large.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Peel and
chop the onion. Peel and crush the garlic.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Peel
the potatoes and chop them into dice about 1 cm (about 0.5 inch) cubed.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Brown
the chicken pieces in cooking oil in a large saucepan over a medium heat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Add
the chopped onion, squash, leeks, pepper and mushrooms. Fry until the
vegetables are starting to colour. Stir in the crushed garlic.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Add
the cooked chick peas and diced potatoes, along with the water, paprika and
medlar jelly. Season with salt and black pepper. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bring
to the boil, then reduce the heat and simmer for 30-40 minutes until the
chicken and vegetables are all cooked. Stir from time to time, especially
towards the end of the cooking time, as the potatoes tend to stick to the
bottom of the pan when they are nearly cooked. If it starts to get dry, add a
bit more water.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">*I
believe previous discussions here established that the root vegetable that’s
called ‘swede’ in the UK is called ‘rutabaga’ in the US</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">**<a href="http://carlanayland.blogspot.co.uk/2013/12/december-recipe-medlar-jelly.html" target="_blank">Recipe for medlar jelly</a><a href="http://carlanayland.blogspot.co.uk/2013/12/december-recipe-medlar-jelly.html"></a>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Crab-apple jelly or redcurrant jelly work
equally well. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
Carlahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11901028520813891575noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19922276.post-84307331914414346312014-11-15T14:58:00.000+00:002014-11-15T14:58:55.646+00:00Catherine of Lyonesse, by Rick Robinson. Book review<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Corgi,
2014. ISBN 978-0-552-57133-3. 488 pages.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Catherine of Lyonesse</span></i><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> is set in the invented
countries of Lyonesse and l’Aquitaine, which bear a distinct resemblance to
sixteenth-century England and France. All events, places and characters are
fictional.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<b>
</b><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><b>Disclaimer:</b> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">I’m acquainted with the author, <a href="http://www.rocketpunk-manifesto.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Rick Robinson</a>, by email, and Rick often
comments here on my blog. I read a draft of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Catherine
of Lyonesse</i> before it was published, and was very pleased to see it in
print. Rick did ask me to review the book; however I had already decided to
review it and ordered a copy before he asked. I should also say that I have a
particular liking for the somewhat unusual genre of invented history (for a definition,
see <a href="http://carlanayland.blogspot.co.uk/2006/12/historical-fantasy.html" target="_blank">earlier post</a>),
which is set in an invented world but has none of the supernatural elements of
fantasy. My own <a href="http://www.carlanayland.org/ingeld/index.htm" target="_blank"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ingeld’s Daughter</i></a>
is similar, although the setting is more medieval than Renaissance.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Now, on with the review. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Catherine
is the elder daughter of Prince Henry of Lyonesse, heir to the old and sickly
King Edmund. When her father is killed in a supposed hunting accident,
seven-year old Catherine and her three-year-old sister Anne are hurried into
exile in l’Aquitaine by their mother, a princess of the Aquitanian royal
family. After her mother’s death, Catherine is brought up in exile at the
Aquitanian court by Madame Corisande d’Abregon, ex-mistress of the King of
Aquitaine and now married to the chief minister, Antoine de Chirac. Catherine
is heiress to the throne of Lyonesse, which she should rightfully inherit when
her grandfather King Edmund dies. The King of Aquitaine recognises her as a
valuable political prize, but he is uncertain how best to make use of her. By
the age of fourteen, when the main story opens, Catherine is old enough to know
that she does not want to be used by anybody – she wants to reclaim her kingdom
and rule it in her own right. But in Lyonesse, ambitious nobles plot a
usurpation, and in Aquitaine she has enemies who would gladly see her dead,
either for Court factional politics or to replace her with her more pliant
sister Anne. In her support, Catherine has only her own intelligence, the
education in statecraft she has received from Corisande, and two bright and
beautiful young ladies-in-waiting. Can she even survive, let alone claim her
throne?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Catherine of Lyonesse</span></i><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> is a rollicking
adventure yarn. Being set in an invented world, it is not constrained by real
events and the story is free to take any turn the author pleases. So, unlike
historical fiction, no reader can know in advance the outcome of Catherine’s
dramatic – and sometimes ill-advised – escapades. Catherine is a delightful central
character, warm, courageous and intelligent, but also impulsive and prone to
hasty judgements that do not always work out well. The two ladies-in-waiting,
brave and athletic Madeleine du Lac and voluptuous and cunning Solange de
Charleville, are as vivid as Catherine herself. The court of l’Aquitaine has a
believably poisonous atmosphere of in-fighting and back-stabbing, as rival
factions jostle for political power and the influential position of mistress to
the King. Long-standing military antagonism between Lyonesse and l’Aquitaine
periodically flares into open warfare. Not least when a young nobleman of
Lyonesse, William de Havilland, decides to put his experience as a mercenary
ship’s captain to use as a privateer, attacking Aquitanian targets and provoking
a backlash that puts Catherine in significant personal danger. The web of
dynastic and political tensions surrounding Catherine creates a convincing
sense of real peril. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">As
well as the political side to Catherine’s story, she also has an adolescent
girl’s natural hopes for romantic love – though her position as heiress to a
throne complicates matters – and this provides material for an intertwining
sub-plot.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
different countries, cultures and languages in the novel are cleverly portrayed
using variations in titles, personal and place names. In l’Aquitaine the
language is Gallic, represented by French phrases, French titles (Altesse,
instead of Highness), French personal names such as Catherine, Louis and
Guillaume, and French spellings of place names such as Kellouique and
Richebourg. In Lyonesse the language is Saxon, and the names become Kateryn or
Katrin, Lewis, William, Kelliwick and Richborough. In the Republic of Ravenna,
a mercantile and maritime city-state bearing a resemblance to Italian
city-states such as Venice, the names become Caterina and Guglielmo. Readers
familiar with sixteenth-century Europe will have great fun spotting parallels
between the fictional world and real European history – almost as much fun, I
suspect, as the author had in creating them. There were some that I only
noticed on a second reading, and I expect there are more that I haven’t yet
spotted. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Catherine of Lyonesse</i> is
much more interesting than an allegory, though. Catherine has some aspects reminiscent
of the young Elizabeth I and the young Mary Queen of Scots, but her actions,
situation and personality are entirely her own.** </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Rattling
adventure yarn set in an invented world bearing a distinct resemblance to
Renaissance Europe, with a cracking plot and a most attractive heroine.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">**In
a comment here once, Rick described Catherine as ‘a sort of improved Mary Queen
of Scots’, which I think is a very apt description.</span></div>
Carlahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11901028520813891575noreply@blogger.com17tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19922276.post-63590347935692303402014-09-10T18:19:00.000+01:002014-09-10T18:19:36.190+01:00The Tribute Bride, by Theresa Tomlinson. Book review<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Acorn
Digital Press, 2014. ISBN 978-1-909122-63-5. 261 pages.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The Tribute Bride</span></i><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> is set at the
beginning of the seventh century AD in Deira and Bernicia, the two kingdoms
that later became Northumbria in what is now north-east England. The central
character, Acha, is a historical figure, as are her husband Athelfrid, her
father Aelle and brother Edwin, the Deiran chief priest Coifi and Athelfrid’s
queen Bebba. Other main characters are fictional.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Disclosure:
Seventh-century Britain is an area of particular interest to me, and my own
novel <a href="http://www.carlanayland.org/exile/index.htm" target="_blank"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Paths of Exile</i></a>
has the same setting and includes some of the same characters as <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Tribute Bride</i>. Theresa and I had
several email discussions about the possible life and career of the historical
Acha, who is recorded in just one line in Bede’s History.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Acha
is the daughter of Aelle, the ageing king of Deira, and has just reached
marriageable age when severe flooding destroys most of the harvest. Aelle
cannot pay the tribute of grain to his overlord, the fearsome Athelfrid of
Bernicia, so he sends Acha instead. Athelfrid already has a queen, the magnificent
Bebba of the Picts, but they have no living child and Athelfrid wants an heir
for his ever-expanding empire. He accepts Acha as a secondary wife – officially
married to Athelfrid, but not his queen – and soon she is pregnant with his
child. But how will Bebba react to a younger, fertile rival? And does the
ruthless and cunning Athelfrid plan to obtain more from Acha than a child?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">I
very much enjoyed Theresa Tomlinson’s mystery novels, <a href="http://www.carlanayland.org/reviews/wolf_girl.htm" target="_blank"><i>Wolf Girl</i> </a>(for young
adult readers) and <i><a href="http://www.carlanayland.org/reviews/swarming_bees.htm" target="_blank">A Swarming of Bees</a> </i>(for adults), both set in the
Northumbrian royal abbey at Whitby. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The
Tribute Bride</i> is set half a century earlier, when the later kingdom of
Northumbria was still two separate kingdoms, each with its own dynasty. Acha’s
life bridged both dynasties. What role she played in combining the two kingdoms
(if any), is not known – which is what historical fiction is for. I summarised
what is known about the historical Acha (not very much), in an earlier article <a href="http://www.carlanayland.org/essays/acha.htm" target="_blank"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Acha of Deira and Bernicia: daughter, sister, wife and mother of kings</i></a>.
So I was very pleased to see a novel devoted to her.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Considering
that <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Tribute Bride</i> features
murder, betrayal, war and massacre, it is a surprisingly gentle read. Most of
it is told through the eyes of Acha, who is still only a girl at the beginning
of the novel – mid-teens, I would guess – and has a sunny-natured tendency to
think the best of people and to make the best of any situation. Her generous
and open-hearted character helps her to find unexpected friendships in
Bernicia, friendships that stand her in good stead in the long term. However,
it also means that she is largely oblivious to the darker undercurrents of
court life. Indeed, the older and wiser Bebba tries to warn Acha that Athelfrid
is not nicknamed ‘The Trickster’ for nothing and that Acha should be wary of
his intentions, but Acha does not understand the warning until it is too late.
Even when the worst has happened, Acha’s determination to make the best of
things probably contributes a lot to making the consequences of Athelfrid’s
actions much less adverse than they might otherwise have been. </span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Peaceweaver
brides like Acha, married to their families’ rivals and enemies, must have had
to do a lot of smoothing down of conflicts if they were to be successful. This
perhaps explains why <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Tribute Bride</i>
was so much more placid than I had expected for a novel set at the heart of
early medieval court life; the whole focus of the book is about defusing and
preventing conflict.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Athelfrid’s
historical nickname Flesaurs, usually translated as ‘The Twister’ or ‘The
Artful’ is here rendered as ‘The Trickster’ and cleverly linked with the
deceitful thief-god Loki. Whether the early English had an equivalent of the
Norse god Loki is unknown, but equivalents of some of the Norse gods are
recorded in Old English place names, so it seems not implausible that other
characters from the Norse pantheon may also have had early English
counterparts.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
main characters are all women – Acha herself, Bebba, the elderly midwife,
Acha’s maids. I particularly liked the relationship between Acha and Bebba,
which develops in an unexpected direction. The male characters tend to be
secondary, even Athelfrid (perhaps because Acha at first does not know him very
well and then later does not wish to). The preponderance of strong female
characters was similar in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Wolf Girl</i>
and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">A Swarming of Bees</i>. It makes for
a domestic focus, with plenty of detail of buildings, travel, food and textile
crafts. The variety of languages, cultures and religions among the plethora of
small kingdoms is well captured.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">A map
and glossary of place names at the front are useful to follow the geography,
and a character list at the front may be helpful to readers unfamiliar with the
period. An Author’s Note and reference list at the back outlines the underlying
history and source material (I am flattered to see that I get a mention).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Gentle
tale of kindness and friendships found in unexpected places, set against the
background of early seventh-century Northumbria.</span></div>
Carlahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11901028520813891575noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19922276.post-18231623700981513802014-09-07T13:37:00.000+01:002014-09-07T13:37:36.728+01:00September recipe: Plum chutney<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-JOXCfpTZER0/VAxQz-DBPFI/AAAAAAAABFU/8auGl5MeixA/s1600/plum-chutney.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-JOXCfpTZER0/VAxQz-DBPFI/AAAAAAAABFU/8auGl5MeixA/s1600/plum-chutney.jpg" height="375" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Plum chutney ingredients</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Plums
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Plum chutney</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1.5
lb (approx 700 g) plums, after removing the stones</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">12 oz
(approx 350 g) apples, after preparing</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">8 oz
(approx 250 g) onions</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">4 oz
(approx 100 g) raisins</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">8 oz
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">0.5
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Wash
the plums.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Remove the stones, and chop
the plums into pieces of the size you would like to find in the finished
chutney. I aim for pieces roughly 0.5 – 1 cm (0.25 – 0.5 inch) cubed.</span></div>
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out any bruised areas.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Chop into pieces
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to the boil.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Simmer,
stirring from time to time, until the fruit and vegetables are soft and the
chutney has thickened.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I test for this
by drawing a wooden spoon through the chutney. If the bottom of the pan is visible
before the chutney flows back into the gap, I consider the chutney done.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This stage normally takes about 45 minutes
for me; it may vary depending on your pan and cooker.</span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
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the chutney into clean glass jars. I find the easiest way to do this is to pour
the chutney into a heatproof jug first, then use the jug to fill the jars.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Seal
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plastic lid as chutney will eventually corrode a metal lid.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Store
in a cupboard for three months or so to allow the flavour to develop before
eating.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The chutney will store for
several years provided the seal stays intact.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
Carlahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11901028520813891575noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19922276.post-57577017480714994342014-07-31T20:40:00.000+01:002014-07-31T20:40:38.971+01:00Capital, by John Lanchester. Book review<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Faber
and Faber 2013. ISBN 978-0-571-23462-2. 577 pages.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Set
mainly in London in 2007-2008. All the main characters are fictional.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Capital</span></i><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> follows a group of people who live
or work in Pepys Road, an unexceptional (fictional) street in south London. The
residents include a City banker and his wife, a Pakistani family who run the
corner shop, a young African football star and his father, and an elderly
widow. Those who work there include a Polish builder, a Hungarian nanny and a
Zimbabwean traffic warden. All the residents start receiving mysterious postcards
with a photograph of their house and the words ‘We Want What You Have’ printed
on the back. Who is sending the postcards and what do they mean?</span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">From
the title, I expected this would be a book about the City of London and the
finance world. It turned out to be much more varied and engaging than that,
because although it does feature a City casino bank and some of the traders who
work there, they are only a component of a large and varied cast. Each
character or group of characters has their own plot. Some happen to cross each
other’s paths as they encounter each other in Pepys Road, others never meet at
all. So the book reads rather like a collection of interweaving short stories.
The big plus of this approach is that there are lots of tales and characters to
choose from; if one narrative doesn’t catch a particular reader’s imagination,
another probably will. For me, I found Zbigniew the Polish builder, Matya the Hungarian
nanny, the Kamal family, and Petunia the elderly widow and her daughter Mary
the most appealing characters. Smug, complacent banker Roger and his shallow
acquisitive wife Arabella deserve each other, and the football sub-plot largely
passed me by (although I did sympathise with the homesick father). Other
readers will no doubt have their own favourites.</span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Capital</span></i><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> doesn’t have an overall plot as
such. The ‘We Want What You Have’ postcards form a sort of loose thread on
which to hang the individual plots, but the ‘mystery’ and its eventual
resolution seemed a bit incidental. This didn’t matter for me, because the
individual plots were engaging enough in their own right to keep me turning the
pages to find out what happened next. I did find I tended to skim the chapters
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
writing style is warm and humane, easy to read and often wryly funny. The
characters may occupy stereotypical roles – the public-school banker, the
Polish builder, the Asian shopkeepers – but they are all distinct individuals,
with their own relationships, dilemmas and human foibles. Even the ghastly
characters have some good points. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Entertaining,
easy read about a diverse group of people living and working in London just
before and after the 2008 financial crash.</span></div>
Carlahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11901028520813891575noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19922276.post-10182060925173486692014-07-30T20:15:00.000+01:002014-07-30T20:15:12.493+01:00July recipe: Fried mackerel fillet with gooseberry sauce<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-1_sW4IOgDy0/U9lDkGdqt9I/AAAAAAAABFE/OXFSbc2k9-A/s1600/mackerel-gooseberries.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-1_sW4IOgDy0/U9lDkGdqt9I/AAAAAAAABFE/OXFSbc2k9-A/s1600/mackerel-gooseberries.jpg" height="298" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Fried mackerel fillet with gooseberry sauce</span></span></i></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">July
is peak season for gooseberries. They are traditionally used in desserts and
preserves, and I’ve previously posted recipes for <a href="http://carlanayland.blogspot.com/2008/07/july-recipe-gooseberry-fool.html" target="_blank">gooseberry fool</a></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">, <a href="http://carlanayland.blogspot.com/2010/07/july-recipe-gooseberry-jam.html" target="_blank">gooseberry jam</a></span><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">, and <a href="http://carlanayland.blogspot.co.uk/2012/07/july-recipe-gooseberry-pie.html" target="_blank">gooseberry pie</a>.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Gooseberries
can also be used in savoury cookery.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Their
sharp sweetness goes especially well with pork or oily fish such as mackerel.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Here’s
a quick and simple recipe for fried mackerel fillets with a sweet and sour
gooseberry sauce, ideal for dinner on a summer evening.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Fried mackerel fillet with gooseberry sauce
(serves 2)</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2
fillets of fresh mackerel</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1-2
shallots, or half a small onion</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">4 oz
(approx 125 g) fresh gooseberries</span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
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(1 x 15 ml spoon) cider vinegar or white wine vinegar</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
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(1 x 15 ml spoon) chopped fresh herbs (I like mint, sage, or oregano, or a
combination thereof)</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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remains of the flower at the other).</span></div>
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gently for another few minutes until the gooseberries have produced some juice.</span></div>
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</span>Leave the sauce to simmer, uncovered, over a low heat while you fry the
mackerel fillets.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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bottom of the frying pan and put the mackerel fillets in, skin side down. Fry
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
Carlahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11901028520813891575noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19922276.post-9922776020608649892014-06-30T17:48:00.000+01:002014-06-30T17:48:51.935+01:00Crowbone, by Robert Low. Book review<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Harper,
2013. ISBN 978-0-00-729856-3. 369 pages</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Crowbone</span></i><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> is set mainly in Ireland and Scandinavia
in 979-981. The central character, Olaf Tryggvason (by-named Crowbone) is a
historical figure, as are his arch-enemies Gunnhild Mother of Kings, widow of
Eirik Blood-Axe, and her last son Gudrod. Other main characters are fictional.
The historical Norse Earls of Orkney and various Irish kings appear as
secondary characters.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">In
979, Olaf Tryggvason (known as Crowbone) is seventeen and already a veteran
fighter and raider. Having quarrelled with his friend Vladimir of Kiev,
Crowbone is no longer welcome in the Rus lands and is at something of a loose
end when he meets his old friend Orm Bear-Slayer, jarl of the Oathsworn, in
Hamburg. Orm has received a message from a monk on the Isle of Man concerning a
secret that could help Crowbone make good on his claim to the throne of Norway.
Orm gives Crowbone silver to hire a ship and a crew, and sends him off with the
trader who brought the message. But Crowbone’s rival and arch-enemy Gunnhild
Mother of Kings and her last surviving son Gudrod – who between them were
responsible for the death of Crowbone’s parents – have also heard of the
secret, and will pursue it and Crowbone to the death. And the monk on the Isle
of Man is not all he seems... As the quest unfolds and the searchers converge
on their goal, Crowbone faces battle, shipwreck and treachery, and must decide
who – if anyone – he is willing to trust.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">In
theory this is the fifth in the Oathsworn series, following <a href="http://carlanayland.blogspot.co.uk/2011/04/whale-road-by-robert-low-book-review.html" target="_blank"><i>The Whale Road</i></a>,
<a href="http://carlanayland.blogspot.co.uk/2011/11/wolf-sea-by-robert-low-book-review.html" target="_blank"><i>The Wolf Sea</i></a>,
<a href="http://carlanayland.blogspot.co.uk/2012/03/white-raven-by-robert-low-book-review.html" target="_blank"><i>The White Raven</i></a>,
and <a href="http://carlanayland.blogspot.co.uk/2012/05/prow-beast-by-robert-low-book-review.html" target="_blank"><i>The Prow Beast </i></a>(links to my previous reviews of each title).
However, as the focus is on Crowbone (as implied by the title), rather than on
Orm and the Oathsworn, it is much more of a stand-alone. There is no need to
have read the others first, although readers who have will pick up lots of
references to previous characters and events.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Like
the others, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Crowbone</i> is a blood-and-thunder
adventure full of action and violence. The historical Vikings were part traders
and part bloodthirsty raiders, and although both aspects feature here, the
bloodthirsty raider aspect is very much to the fore. Crowbone and his followers
are fighting men, and fighting is what they do, whether it be a duel to the
death on a deserted beach, or a pitched battle among the Irish kings. Political
manipulation is another major focus, more so than in the other Oathsworn
novels, reflecting Crowbone’s status as a claimant to the kingdom of Norway.
The Norse game <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">hnefatafl</i>*, referred
to as ‘the game of kings’, is a recurring theme, both as the game itself and as
a<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>metaphor for the political manoeuvring
that is as essential to the would-be Norse king as the axe in his hand and the
knife in his boot.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Crowbone
dominates the novel. Highly intelligent, courageous and a gifted storyteller,
he has more than a hint of the uncanny about him (as was foreshadowed when he
was a boy in <i>The White Raven</i>). Not surprisingly, given his ambitions and his
traumatic early life, he is not a particularly attractive character,
manipulative, suspicious and ruthless. Not a man you want to be around, as Orm
muses. In this novel, Crowbone is emerging into adulthood and beginning to carve
out his place in history. He is often very much alone, even when surrounded by
his companions, and this is in large part his own choice, recognised as part of
the price he must pay for power, however much he may occasionally hunger for
human warmth.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The atmosphere
is brooding, with a strong sense of supernatural undercurrents – whether due to
gods, Fate or <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">seidr</i> magic – that
could erupt at any moment. The religious divisions of the late tenth century
are never far away. The Oathsworn are bound by an oath taken before Odin, yet
some of Crowbone’s other followers are at least nominally Christians. They
encounter Christian kings, priests and monks in Ireland and elsewhere, even as
they pursue their quest for a symbol of Odin’s power to a distant land renowned
as the domain of a goddess of yet older beliefs. Religious tensions simmer
beneath the surface, occasionally erupting into open conflict.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
writing style is dense, liberally sprinkled with Norse words for atmosphere
(like <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">hnefatafl</i>, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">seidr</i>, etc). There is no glossary in the book, but I found no
difficulty as most of the Norse terms are translated or were clear from the
context (caveat that I’m interested in the Norse world, so they were probably
more familiar to me than might be the case for other readers). Scots dialect
words and phrases seem to be used to indicate a Norse style of speech; again, I
had no difficulty, but they may not be familiar to all readers. There is a map
at the front that may help to follow the characters on their far travels, although
it does not always give the Norse names used in the text (e.g. Dyfflin for
Dublin, Hammaburg for Hamburg) and some places are not shown at all. A helpful
Historical Note at the end outlines some of the underlying history. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Gripping,
violent action-adventure following Crowbone (Olaf Tryggvason) on his quest for
a dark secret that may be his key to claiming the throne of Norway.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">*<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Hnefatafl</i> is a board game of skill, a
little like chess except that it is a hunting game rather than a battle game. Readers
of Terry Pratchett’s <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Thud!</i> will
recognise it.</span></div>
Carlahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11901028520813891575noreply@blogger.com6